Nanoparticles labels

The applications of nanoparticles in biosensors can be classified into two categories according to their functions (1) nanoparticle-modified transducers for bioanalytical applications and (2) biomolecule-nanoparticle conjugates as labels for biosensing and bioassays. We intend to review some of the major advances and milestones in biosensor development based upon nanoparticle labels and their roles in biosensors and bioassays for nucleic acids and proteins. Moreover, we focus on some of the key fundamental properties of certain nanoparticles that make them ideal for different biosensing applications. 

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Fig. 38.2. Particle-based electrochemical immunoassay protocol. (A) Introduction of antibody-modified magnetic beads to magnet/carbon paste electrochemical transducer surface (B) binding of the IgG antigen to the antibodies on the magnetic beads (C) capture of the gold nanoparticle labelled secondary antibodies (D) electrochemical stripping detection of AuNPs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72].

It is natural to expect that in the first case localization of silver nanoparticles-labeled protein A is caused by presence of antibodies on the surface, which results in silver oxidation current signal. In the second case, localization does not happen as antibodies are not present in the solution. 

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Fig. 20.14. DPV response for dsDNA detected by monitoring the silver in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.2) after 8 min. Silver enhancement of gold labels. Hybridization conditions the ssDNA captured electrode was shaken in 1.0 X 10 M gold nanoparticle probe solution (0.3 M PBS buffer) for 60 min at 42 °C. Potential range, +0.10 to +0.80 V (vs. SCE) pulse amplitude, 50 mV pulse width, 50 ms pulse period, 0.2 s. (1) DPV response of the gold nanoparticle-labeled oligonucleotides...

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