Electro-optic applications, characterization

Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Polymers for Electro-optic Applications... 

The preparation and characterization of vanadium oxide (V2O5) modified tungsten oxide (WO3) films by pulse laser deposition were recently examined [61]. Tungsten oxide coatings are used in many electro-optical applications including catalysts, solar cell windows, electrochromic and gasochromic devices, optical memory and... 

On the other hand, fluorine s high electronegativity and its ability to form mostly ionic chemical bonds, provide materials with several useful properties. First, compared to oxides, fluoride compounds have a wide forbidden zone and as a result, have low electroconductivity. In addition, fluorides are characterized by a high transparency in a wide optical range that allows for their application in the manufacturing of electro-optical devices that operate in the UV region [42,43]. 

Since the first synthesis of mesoporous materials MCM-41 at Mobile Coporation,1 most work carried out in this area has focused on the preparation, characterization and applications of silica-based compounds. Recently, the synthesis of metal oxide-based mesostructured materials has attracted research attention due to their catalytic, electric, magnetic and optical properties.2 5 Although metal sulfides have found widespread applications as semiconductors, electro-optical materials and catalysts, to just name a few, only a few attempts have been reported on the synthesis of metal sulfide-based mesostructured materials. Thus far, mesostructured tin sulfides have proven to be most synthetically accessible in aqueous solution at ambient temperatures.6-7 Physical property studies showed that such materials may have potential to be used as semiconducting liquid crystals in electro-optical displays and chemical sensing applications. In addition, mesostructured thiogermanates8-10 and zinc sulfide with textured mesoporosity after surfactant removal11 have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions. 

Monodisperse spherical colloids and most of the applications derived from these materials are still in an early stage of technical development. Many issues still need to be addressed before these materials can reach their potential in industrial applications. For example, the diversity of materials must be greatly expanded to include every major class of functional materials. At the moment, only silica and a few organic polymers (e.g., polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate) can be prepared as truly monodispersed spherical colloids. These materials, unfortunately, do not exhibit any particularly interesting optical, nonlinear optical or electro-optical functionality. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new methods to either dope currently existing spherical colloids with functional components or to directly deal with the synthesis of other functional materials. Second, formation of complex crystal structures other than closely packed lattices has been met with limited success. As a major limitation to the self-assembly procedures described in this chapter, all of them seem to lack the ability to form 3D lattices with arbitrary structures. Recent demonstrations based on optical trapping method may provide a potential solution to this problem, albeit this approach seems to be too slow to be useful in practice.181-184 Third, the density of defects in the crystalline lattices of spherical colloids must be well-characterized and kept below... 

The electrical characterization of polar media is crucial to investigate their suitability for ferroelectric memories, piezo- or pyroelectric devices and many other ferroelectric applications (see Chapter 3). Optical characterization of polar media is fundamental to investigate their ser-vicability for electro-optic devices or applications in the field of nonlinear optics (see Chapter 4). Additionally there are intentions to characterize polar media with a combination of both, electrical and optical methods, such as to understand ferroelectric phenomena that are influenced by the action of light. 

Lee MH, Lee HJ, Han SG, Kim HY, Won YH (1998) Fabrication and characterization of electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator for photonic application. In Wise DL, Wnek GE, Trantolo DJ, Cooper TM, Gresser JD (eds) Electrical and optical polymer systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 17... 

Sivaraman R,Clarson SJ,Burcham K,Naghski D,Boyd JT (1999) Fabrication and characterization of electro-optic polymeric E-field sensors. In Organic thin films for photonics applications. Optical Society of America, Washington DC, p 60... 

This chapter provides an overview of current researches on liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). Topics include syntheses of main-chain and side-chain LCFs, structured characterization of LCFs and LCP networks and rheology and processing. Applications of LCP/polymer blends as self-reinforced polymers and electro-optical meterials are also discussed. 

For CW applications of optical-heterodyne conversion, two laser fields are applied to the optoelectronic material. The non-linear nature of the electro-optic effect strongly suppresses continuous emission relative to ultrashort pulse excitation, and so most of the CW research carried out to date has used photoconductive antennae. The CW mixing process is characterized by the average drift velocity vand carrier lifetime Tq of the mixing material, typically... 

A further electro-optical effect which is studied for applications in display is electrochromism. Electrochromism is characterized as a reversible colour change induced in some organic and inorganic materials by an applied electric field or current. According to Chang [263], the physical mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are electronic and electrochemical in nature. A schematic electrochromic reaction can be formulated as follows ... 

Fabrication and Characterization of Electro>optic Polymer Waveguide Modulator for Photonic Applications... 

The electro-optic phenomenon, as the name implies, involves the interaction of electrical (DC-200 GHz frequency) and optical (2-4 X lO Hz frequency) fields within a material characterized by large hyperpolarizability (molecular second-order optical nonlinearity). Applications of this phenomenon focus on either the transduction of electrical signals into optical signals (e.g., as in the transduction of television signals onto fiber optic transmissions as in the community antenna television (CATV) industry) or the switching of an optical signal (e.g., as effected in local nodes of a local area network, LAN) between different transmission lines. 

Chen, D., Fetterman, H. R., Chen, A., Steier, W H., Dalton, L. R., Wang, W, and Shi, Y., High bandwidth polymer modulators, Proc. SPIE, 3007, 314-317 (1997). Shi, Y, Wang, Bechtel, J. H., Chen, A., Gamer, S., Kalluri, S., Steier, W. H., Chen, D., Fetterman, H. R., Dalton, L. R., and Yu, L., Fabrication and characterization of high-speed polyurethane-disperse red 19 integrated electro-optic modulators for analog systems applications, IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 2, 289-299 (1996). 

Polymer Nanocomposites for Electro-Optics Perspectives on Processing Technologies, Material Characterization, and Future Application... 

Polymers that respond to an external field in a controlled, reproducible, and reversible manner have tremendous application potential. As we have highlighted in the preceding examples, the diverse utility of such polymers spans the gamut from biological to stealth to electro-optic systems. This highly interdisciplinary area includes research in chemical synthesis, property characterization, device... 

Dawnay E.J.C., Fardad M.A., Green M., Horowitz F., Yeatman E.M., Almeida R.M., Vasconcelos H.C., Guglielmi M., Martucci A. Control and characterization of microstructure in sol-gel films for optical device applications. In Advanced Materials in Optics, Electro-Optics and Communication Technologies. P. Vincenzini, ed. 1995... 

McHugh et al. (2014) TOD, a New Method to Characterize Electro-Optical System Performance by S. W. McHugh, A. Irwin, J. M. Valeton, and P. Bijl. Accessed February 2014 at http //www.sbir.com/PDFs/Eriucation-Technical-Application-Notes/TOD Test Method for Characterizing.pdf... 

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