Applications ferroelectrics

Also of significant interest are ferroelectric oxides. Ferroelectrics such as PbZrTiO (PZT) are useful in permanent memories. Ferroelectrics also are under development in capacitor and display applications. Ferroelectrics surpass SMO thin film applications for the immediate future. In fact, ferroelectrics are being produced in the 150 mm diameter range. 

J. F. Scott The physics of ferroelectric ceramic thin films for memory applications, Ferroelectr. Rev. 1,1 (1998)... 

B. Zeks Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Principles, Properties and Applications, Ferroelectrics and Related Phenomena, Vol. 7 (Gordon and Breach, New York 1991)... 

A. B. Davey and W. A. Croaaland, Potential and limitatioos of the dcctrodinic effect in device applications, Ferroelectrics 114 101 (1991). 

Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Device Applications. Devices made from ferroelectric materials utilizing their piezoelectric or electrostrictive properties range from gas igniters to ultrasonic cleaners (or welders) (72). 

J. W. Goodby and co-workers. Ferroelectric Eiquid Cystals Principles, Properties, and Applications, Gordon and Breach Pubhshers, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991. 

Many ceramic applications are high value and small volume, so energy expenditure is high. Ferroelectric magnets, electronic substrates, electrooptics, abrasives such as silicon carbide and diamond, are examples. Diamond is found naturally, and made synthetically by the General Electric Company at high pressure and temperature. Synthetic diamonds for abrasives require less energy to make than the value in Table 4 nevertheless, the market is carefully divided between natural and synthetic diamonds. 

Since niobates and tantalates belong to the octahedral ferroelectric family, fluorine-oxygen substitution has a particular importance in managing ferroelectric properties. Thus, the variation in the Curie temperature of such compounds with the fluorine-oxygen substitution rate depends strongly on the crystalline network, the ferroelectric type and the mutual orientation of the spontaneous polarization vector, metal displacement direction and covalent bond orientation [47]. Hence, complex tantalum and niobium fluoride compounds seem to have potential also as new materials for modem electronic and optical applications. 

Yu. Xu, Ferroelectric materials and their applications, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991. 

A.I. Agulyansky, V.T. Kalinnikov, Actual problems of preparation and application of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. Abstracts of III Vses. Confer. Moscow NIITEChlM 1987 p. 15 (in Russian). 

M.E. Lines, A.M. Glass Principals and application of ferroelectrics and related materials, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1977. 

A.P. Leonov, S.Yu. Stephanovich, Preparation and application of ferroelectric materials, Nauka, Moscow, 1984, p. 21 (in Russian). 

WangTT, Herbert JM, Glass AM (1987) The applications of ferroelectric polymers. Blackie, Glasgow... 

Five-membered sulfur-containing heterocycles are important synthetic intermediates and have found a variety of applications in medical, agricultural, and material chemistry. Looking for potential candidates for ferroelectric display applications. Seed s group investigated the preparation of liquid crystals... 

Optoelectronic and Ferroelectric Applications 389 3.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)... 

Important ferroelectric materials are those with piezoelectric characteristics. They are crystalline ceramics that exhibit expansion along one crystal axis and contraction along another when subjected to an electrical field. Conversely, compression generates an electrical voltage across the material. These materials have a large number of industrial applications. 

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