Polymer modulator

Similarly, this amphiphilic polymer micelle was also used to dismpt the complex between cytochrome c (Cc) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP Sandanaraj, Bayraktar et al. 2007). In this case, we found that the polymer modulates the redox properties of the protein upon binding. The polymer binding exposes the heme cofactor of the protein, which is buried in the protein and alters the coordination environment of the metal. The exposure of heme was confirmed by UV-vis, CD spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical kinetic smdies. The rate constant of electron transfer (fc°) increased by 3 orders of magnimde for the protein-polymer complex compared to protein alone. To establish that the polymer micelle is capable of disrupting the Cc-CcP complex, the polymer micelle was added to the preformed Cc-CcP complex. The observed for this complex was the same as that of the Cc-polymer complex, which confirms that the polymer micelle is indeed capable of disrupting the Cc-CcP complex. 

Calculations of connectivity indexes and subsequent dielectric constant predictions were accomplished by using Molecular Simulations Inc. Synthia polymer module running under the Insight II interface on a Silicon Graphics Crimson workstation. All calculations were performed on the polymer s repeat unit, which was first energy-minimized through a molecular-mechanics-based algorithm. 

The MOLBD3 force field is available in the POLYMER module of the SYBYL simulation software of the Tripos Co., St. Louis MO. 

The bandwidth performance of polymer modulators clearly surpasses those of other materials although by clever device engineering lithium niobate modulators have been demonstrated to somewhat above 70 GHz. 

The TACAN Corporation has evaluated the stability of drive voltage and bias voltage under conditions of extended operation and for irradiation with light of different wavelengths and optical power levels [306, 307]. The performance of polymer modulators was reasonably good and systematically improved as lattice hardness increased (see Figs. 6,20 and 34). We have observed comparable stability. 

Stability to gamma irradiation has been investigated by researchers at Lock-heed-Martin Corporation, the Air Force Research Laboratory (Dayton, OH), and by ourselves. The results (no detectable change in performance) suggest that polymer modulators are suitable for space applications. We have, by electron... 

Shi Y, Lin W, Olson DJ, Bechtel JH, Wang W (1999) Microstrip line-slot ground electrode for high-speed optical push-pull polymer modulators. In Organic thin films for photonic applications. Optical Society of America, Washington DC, p 20... 

Whilton NT, Berton B, Bronstein L, Henze H, Antonietti M (1999) Organized functionalization of mesoporous silica supports using prefabricated metal-polymer modules. Adv Mater 11 1014-1018... 

Technical — Higher design precision for polymer modules — Facilitates error analysis in complex simulations — Easier determination of standard deviation and aging of materials - Inaccuracies due to a lack of valid standards — Tailored testing also requires high levels of testing precision... 

Song, H.C., M.C. Oh, S.W. Ahn, and W.H. Steier. 2003. Flexible low-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators. Appl Phys Lett 82 4432—4434. 

Rabiei, R, W.H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L.R. Dalton. 2002. Integrated WDM polymer modulator, in Optical Society ( America Trends in optics and photonics, Vol. 70, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest. Washington, D.C. Optical Society of America, pp. 31-33. 

Design Handbook for DuPont Engineering Polymers, Module 1, General Design Principles, Du Pont Polymers Ifechnical Bulletin 201742B, Wilmington, Del., 1992. 

TACAN Corporation (Carlsbad, CA) has investigated the use of both Mach-Zehnder and birefringent polymeric modulators for CATV applications. A carrier-to-noise ratio of 53 dB and 80-channel television transmission have been demonstrated using packaged polymer modulators [110]. A similar demonstration has been made by researchers at IBM. TACAN researchers have also investigated long-term half-wave... 

Chen, D., Fetterman, H. R., Chen, A., Steier, W H., Dalton, L. R., Wang, W, and Shi, Y., High bandwidth polymer modulators, Proc. SPIE, 3007, 314-317 (1997). Shi, Y, Wang, Bechtel, J. H., Chen, A., Gamer, S., Kalluri, S., Steier, W. H., Chen, D., Fetterman, H. R., Dalton, L. R., and Yu, L., Fabrication and characterization of high-speed polyurethane-disperse red 19 integrated electro-optic modulators for analog systems applications, IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 2, 289-299 (1996). 

Integrating both Equations we see that in the second case the chain growth smears out the photoproduct distribution for a certain amount. This effect should be stronger if LI A approaches 1. For the quotient of both polymer modulations we get the ratio d. 

Slightly more sophisticated models use wind speed as an additional parameter and fit empirical constants for particular module designs. Kempe and Wohlgemuth [3] used the model of King et al. [7], which is shown as Eq. (3.8) where / is the irradiance (W/m ) and Wis the wind speed (m/s). Several parameter sets are offered in King s paper. The insulated-back glass/polymer module is closest to our situation... 

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