Electrical installation, cost

Economic lot size, 350 Effective interest, 218-222, 224, 241 Efficiency, packing, 702-706 plate, 661-667 pump, 517-518, 520 Ejectors, cost of, 528 Electrical installation, cost of, 174, 807 Electricity, cost of, 815 Electromotive series of metals, 433 Emissivity of surfaces, 582-585 Energy balance, mechanical, 479-480 for reactor design, 715-716 total, 479-480... 

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

Not all of the gas is wasted. About 300 MW of electricity is generated from landfills. A variety of electric generation systems have been employed by a small number of developers. Most projects use simple technology and are small (2—10 MW). However, an EPRI study has estimated that landfill gas resources in the United States could support 6,000 MW of generation if utilized in 2-MW-sized carbonate fuel cells. Constmction on the world s first utihty-scale direct carbonate fuel cell demonstration was begun in California. If successful, EPRI estimates that precommercial 3-MW plants based on this design could become available by the end of this decade at an installed cost of 17,000/kW. 

Equipment Costs. Equipment costs include the purchased cost of process and materials handling equipment, storage faciUties, waste treatment equipment, stmctures, and site service faciUties. Installation costs such as insulation, piping, painting and finishing, foundations, process stmctures, instmmentation, and electrical service connections are estimated or factored separately. Actual quoted prices from suppHers are the best data, but these are not usually available when estimates are made. The quick, inexpensive cost estimates are based largely on personal cost files, internal company cost data, or pubUshed cost correlations. 

Electiical classification. Article 500 of the National Electric-Code provides for the classification of the hazardous nature of the process area in which the measurement device will be installed. If the measurement device is not inherently compatible with this classification, suitable enclosures must be purchased and included in the installation costs. 

For most apphcations, particularly in processing plants, either steam tracing or electric tracing could be used, and the correct choice is dependent on the installed costs and the operating costs of the competing systems. 

Table 10-62 shows the installed costs and operating costs for 400 feet of four-inch pipe, maintained at four different temperatures, with supply lengths of 100 ft. for both electricity and steam and 25/hr labor. 

Lower in stalled and operating co.st.s. Most studies have shown that electric tracing is less expensive to install and less expensive to operate. This is true for most apphcations. However, for some applications, the installed costs of steam tracing are equal to or less than electric tracing. 

Within these basic principles there are many types of electric motors. Each has its own individual operating characteristics peculiarly suited to specific drive applications. Equations (29-1) through (29-9), presented in Table 29-1, describe the general operating characteristics of alternating-current motors. When several types are suitable, selection is based on initial installed cost and operating costs (including maintenance and consideration of rehability). 

The cost and economics of cathodic protection depend on a variety of parameters so that general statements on costs are not really possible. In particular, the protection current requirement and the specific electrical resistance of the electrolyte in the surroundings of the object to be protected and the anodes can vary considerably and thus affect the costs. Usually electrochemical protection is particularly economical if the structure can be ensured a long service life, maintained in continuous operation, and if repair costs are very high. As a rough estimate, the installation costs of cathodic protection of uncoated metal structures are about 1 to 2% of the construction costs of the structure, and are 0.1 to 0.2% for coated surfaces. 

To achieve an economical electrical installation which will provide an acceptable level of safety at the lowest possible cost. 

These cost data are reported as purchased, dehvered, or installed cost. Purchased cost is the price of the equipment FOB at the manufacturer s plant, whereas delivered cost is the purchased price plus the delivery charge to the purchaser s plant FOB. Installed cost means the equipment has been purchased, dehvered, uncrated, and placed on a foundation in the purchaser s operating department but does not include piping, electrical, instrumentation, insulation, etc., costs. Perhaps a better name might be set-in-place cost. 

Electrical This item consists of transformers, wiring, switching gear, as well as instrumentation and control wiring. The installed costs of the electrical items may be estimated as 20 to 40 percent of the delivered equipment costs or 5 to 10 percent of the fixed capital investment for preliminary estimates. As with piping estimation, the process design must be well along toward completion before detailed electrical takeoffs can be made. 

Installation costs were 12,000. Operating costs included an estimated 0.25 per 1000 gal for electrical power and 0.02/gal for chemical consumption (D11314U, p. 44). 

The installation cost of a hot-air injection system including stainless steel wells is about 15,000 to 22,000 for a 50-kW system. The electricity would cost about 3600 per month. These costs do not include the vapor extraction portion of the system. 

As part of the U.S. DOE Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils Treatability Project, total cost for the air classifier system was estimated at 1.28 (1995 dollars) per ton of material treated. Equipment costs were estimated at 151,375 and installation costs were estimated at 277,062 for a total capital cost of 378,437 or 0.18 per ton, assuming the system s operating lifetime was 10 years. Parts were estimated at 0.05 per ton, electricity was estimated at 0.05 per ton, and labor was estimated at 1.00 per ton, for a total operating cost of 1.10 per ton. 

A commercial nickel-zinc battery is considered to be the most likely candidate for electric vehicle development. If the problems of limited life and high installation cost ( 100-l50/kW-h) are solved, a nickel-zinc EV battery could provide twice the driving range for an equivalent weight lead-acid battery. Work is developmental there is no commercial production of nickel-zinc batteries. 

It is estimated that to generate and liquefy 10 tons of LH2 per day would require a wind farm with a 100 mW rated (a 30 mW average) capacity. This installation would call for about 200 wind turbines with 40 m spans at an installed cost of about 75 million. Calculating at a 20-year payback, the cost of electricity would be about 6(2/kWh, and the cost of 1 kg of LH2, about 7. ... 

In Dunhuang City, Gansu Province in China, the construction of a 100 mW 765 million solar power plant has been approved. The plant will have 3.1 km2 of solar collectors at an installed cost of 2,450/m2. Because the Sun shines for 3,362 h/yr in the area, assuming that the plant will run fully loaded when solar energy can be collected and that the electricity will be sold at 12 /kWh, the value of the produced electricity will be 40.3 million per year. 

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