Elastomers fibers

Table 7.7 lists the common names and the comonomers for several addition copolymers that are widely used as elastomers, fibers, or films. 

Lower-density E-plastomers have found alternate use in cast film processes to make elastic film laminates with good breathability which contain laminates of liquid impermeable extensible polymeric films with extensible-thermoplastic-polymer-fiber nonwovens and nonwoven webs of polyethylene-elastomer fibers as the intermediate layers. The development relates to a breathable film including an E-plastomer and filler that contributes to pore formation after fabrication and distension of the film. The method and extent of distension is designed to produce a breathable film by stretching the film to form micropores by separation of the film of the E-plastomer from the particulate solids. This film is useful for manufacture of absorbent personal-care articles, such as disposable diapers and sanitary napkins and medical garments. In detail, these constructions comprise a liquid impermeable extensible film comprising polyolefins. The outer layer contains extensible-thermoplastic-polymer-fiber nonwovens, and an elastic intermediate layer contains nonwoven webs of fiber E-plastomers. The intermediate layer is bonded to the film layer and the outer... 

The Material of the Example. Poly(ether ester) (PEE) materials are thermoplastic elastomers. Fibers made from this class of multiblock copolymers are commercially available as Sympatex . Axle sleeves for automotive applications or gaskets are traded as Arnitel or Hytrel . Polyether blocks form the soft phase (matrix). The polyester forms the hard domains which provide physical cross-linking of the chains. This nanostructure is the reason for the rubbery nature of the material. 

In particular in the case of elastomer fibers, such compounds (in many cases silicone compounds) add up to 2.5-8% of the weight of the fibers. Besides problems in removing these oily components during pretreatment, for example, washing of the textiles, the compounds are then detected in the wastewater in considerable amounts. As the addition of such auxiliaries is required for technical purposes, an optimization of the situation has to be achieved by direct cooperation between the fiber/yarn/fabric producer and the textile dyehouses. 

Over 100 billion pounds (50 million tons) of synthetic polymers is produced annually in the United States (Tables 1.5 through 1.8), and the growth of the industry is continuing at a fast rate. There is every reason to believe that this polymer age will continue as long as petroleum and other feedstocks are available and as long as consumers continue to enjoy the comfort, protection, and health benefits provided by elastomers, fibers, plastics, adhesives, and coatings. The 100 billion pounds of synthetic polymers consumed each year in the United States translates to over 300 pounds for every man, woman, and child in the United States. This does not include paper and wood-related products, natural polymers such as cotton and wool, or inorganic polymers (Table 1.8). 

See also Acrylic Plastics Elastomers Fiber-Reinforced Compos ites Polyester Fibers and Polymers. 

Block copolymers may also be made by condensation polymerization. Elastomer fibers are produced in a three-step operation. A primary block of a polyether or polyester of a molecular weight of 1000-3000 is prepared, capped with an aromatic diisocyanate, and then expanded with a diamine or dihydroxy compound to a multiblock copolymer of a molecular weight of 20,000. The oxidative coupling of 2,6-disubstituted phenols to PPO is also a condensation polymerization. G. D. Cooper and coworkers report the manufacture of a block copolymer of 2,6-dimethyl-phenol with 2,6-diphenylphenol. In the first step, a homopolymer of diphenylphenol is preformed by copper-amine catalyst oxidation. In the second step, oxidation of dimethylphenol in the presence of the first polymer yields the block copolymer. 

Ethylene (structure in Figure 13.1) is the most widely used organic chemical. Almost all of it is consumed as a chemical feedstock for the manufacture of other organic chemicals. Polymerization of ethylene to produce polyethylene is illustrated in Figure 13.4. In addition to polyethylene, other polymeric plastics, elastomers, fibers, and resins are manufactured with ethylene as one of the ingredients. Ethylene is also the raw material for the manufacture of ethylene glycol antifreeze, solvents, plasticizers, surfactants, and coatings. 

Infrared Analysis of Polymer, Resins and Additives an Atlas, Volume 1, Eds., D.O. Hummel and F.K. Scholl, Plastics, Elastomers, Fibers and Resins, Part 1 Text, Part 2 Spectra Tables, Index, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1969. Volume 2, Additives and Processing Aids 1973. 

The distinction between elastomers, fibers, and plastics is most easily made in terms of the characteristics of tensile stress-strain curves of representative samples. The parameters of such curves are nominal stress (force on Ihe specimen divided by the original cross-sectional area), the corresponding nominal strain (increase in length divided by original length), and the modulus (slope of the stress-strain curve). We refer below to the initial modulus, which is this slope near zero strain. 

Major polymer applications paints, coatings, roofing, sealants, elastomers, fibers, industrial filters, battery separators, carbon and graphite fibers, ceramics... 

QO Poiymeg . [QO Ghent] Poly-tetramethylene ether glycol polyol used in urethane elastomers, fibers, coatit, and adhesives, in the prod, of high-perfmmance theniioset and ther-moplifitic dastomeis, elastomeric polyesters, as polyester modifiers. 

Polyurethanes are used in four principal types of products foams, elastomers, fibers, and coatings. The majority of polyurethane is used as rigid or flexible foams. However, about 15% is used for elastomer applications. Production of polyurethane elastomers involves a number of steps. As indicated above, an intermediate hydroxyl-terminated low-molecular-weight polyester or polyether is prepared. This intermediate is reacted with an isocyanate to form a prepolymer (macrodiisocyanate). The prepolymers are coupled or vulcanized by adding a diol or diamine ... 

Further classification of polymers in the groups of additional polymers and condensation polymers has been on monomer composition, because this provides an orderly approach, whereas classification based on polymer uses, such as plastics, elastomers, fibers, coatings, etc. would result in too much overlap. For example, polyamides are used not only as synthetic fibers but also as thermoplastics molding compounds and polypropylene, which is used as a thermoplastic molding compound has also found uses as a fiber-forming material. 

Naciri J, Srinivasan A, Joen H, Nikolov N, Keller P, Ratna BR (2003) Nematic elastomer fiber actuators. Macromolecules 36 8499... 

MAJOR APPLICATIONS Molding plastic, molecular component of polyether ester thermoplastic block copolymer elastomer, fiber and plastic forming, used in tooth and paint brush and in bristles and filler fabrics. 

Part VI is totally new. It is an introduction into polymer technology and thus discusses thermoplasts, thermosets, elastomers, fibers, coatings, and adhesives with respect to their end-use properties. It also contains chapters on additives, blends and composites. 

Chem. Descrip. High purity adipic acid CAS 124-04-9 EINECS/ELINCS 204-673-3 Uses Chem. intermediate used in adhesives, coatings (all, PU, gel coat, polyester), nylon 66, PU foams/elastomers/fibers, unsat. polyester resins, lubricants, textile treatments cosmetic emollients wet str. paper resins food acidulant plasticizer pH buffer (water-sol. polymers, flue gas desulfurization)... 

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