Efficiencies Introduction

The anthraquinone group of the UAQ sensitizer is intercalated on the 3 -side of its linkage site [15]. Use of UAQ permits assessment of the directionality of long-range radical cation migration. Both AQ and UAQ enable the selective and efficient introduction of a radical cation in duplex DNA, whose lifetime is controlled by its relatively slow bimolecular reaction primarily with H20. 

Furthermore, this protocol can be employed for the highly efficient introduction of two (159) and even three allene entities (161) into an aromatic workbench (Scheme 2.51). Thus, by starting with two different halides, e.g. 162 (or with identical halides in different positions of a heteroaromatic substrate), two diverse allenic groups can be introduced by sequential coupling reactions. Furthermore, a structurally different bisallene 166 was also assembled via a twofold coupling of the bispro-pargyl bromide 165 with the functionalized aryl iodide 164 [85],... 

The EU HySafe network focuses on issues to improve understanding of hydrogen safety and to support the safe and efficient introduction and commercialisation of hydrogen as an energy carrier. The program includes 25 European partners and is supported with a 7 million budget The project is coordinated by the research centre of Karlsruhe, Germany and includes the development of a common approach to risk assessment and codes standards. 

In addition to the chain length, the hydrocarbon chain unsaturation also plays a very important role. This is clearly shown by the data on cationic PCs, which demonstrate drastic transfection increase with increase of the number of double bonds per lipid from 0 to 2 (Fig. 13a). Studies on double chained pyridinium compounds SAINT (Synthetic Amphiphile INTeraction) (Fig. 17, inset) have shown that, while elongation of the saturated alkyl chains from 06 0/06 0 to 08 0/08 0 resulted in a reduction by a factor of about two in the transfection efficiency, introduction of double bonds reversed this effect and resulted in very strong increase of the transfection efficiency (Fig. 17). When substituting only one of the saturated 08 0 alkyl chains for unsaturated 08 1 chain, the transfection efficiency increased by an order of magnitude, while the diunsaturated compound,... 

Although the mechanism of the transformation of single into double bonds has not been investigated in detail, a heteroatom attached to the single bond is necessary for an efficient introduction of the double bond. Trisubstituted pyrazo-lines 46 can be oxidized with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene 3 to the corresponding pyrazoles 47 in good yields [98]. Two double bonds can be introduced in easy accessible proline derivatives 48 [99] by an oxidative decarboxylation with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene 4 yielding tetrasubstituted pyrroles of type 49, Scheme 22 [100]. 

M. Nakanishi, T. Uchida, H. Sugawa, M. Ishiura, and Y. Okada, Efficient introduction of contents of liposomes into cells using HVJ (Sendai virus), Exp. Cell Res. 159 399 (1985). 

While in the TSP interface the heated solvent is nebulized into a medium-pressure ion source region, other systems have been described in which nebulization into an atmospheric-pressure system is performed. In an atmospheric-pressure spray system, as described by Sakairi and Kambara [94-95], a TSP nebulizer is used for the efficient introduction and evaporation of a mobile phase into an APCI source. In other systems, a heated nebulizer is used to achieve sample introduction in an APCI source. 

A novel concept in traceless solid-phase synfhesis is based on cycloaddition-cyclor-eversion. Cycloadditions are synthetically useful reactions wifh a wide scope for the construction of rigid templates of different ring sizes. Due to fhe potential for variation of fhe substituents on the components for cycloadditions and their versatility, fhis allows an efficient introduction of diversity. 

The synthetic procedure developed to introduce oxidative and reductive probes at the C8 position of adenosine and offer the phosphoramidites (69) and (70) has been described. To enable the efficient introduction of such groups, iV-benzoyl-5 -0-dimethoxytrityl 2 -deoxy-2-bromoadenosine was coupled with alkynylanthraquinone and alkynylphenothiazine derivatives using Pd(PPh3)4 and Cul in DMF. Subsequent phosphitylation at low temperature offered the oxidative probe-containing phosphoramidite (69) and the reductive probe-containing phosphoramidite (70), which were both to be kept under inert atmosphere conditions. ... 

Wu H., Liu X., Jaenisch R. (1994) Double replacement Strategy for efficient introduction of subtle mutations into the murine Colla-1 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 2819. 

An efficient introduction of the phenethylamine moiety was envisioned from reduction of an enamide intermediate, but the formation of the enamide proved somewhat problematic. Initial attempts to form the enamide from the oxime 43 resulted in closure to the cyclic imine 45, presumably via the intervention of a nitrene intermediates (Scheme 5.20). ... 

Azidonation. The a-carbon atom of MA -dialkylanilines is subject to rapid and efficient introduction of an azide group. Similarly, carbamates also undergo this transformation. ... 

Diaryliodonium salts are becoming highly popular reagents for the efficient introduction of [ E]-fluoride (fluoridation) via aromatic nucleophilic substitution. F-Labeled imaging agents for PET have a shortlifetime (due to the short radioactive half-life of F) and require fast and convenient methods for introduction of F into organic substrate molecules. Reactions of diaryliodonium salts provide a fast and convenient method of [ F]-fluoridation as outlined in Scheme 7.5 [67-69]. 

The extension of IMS to pharmaceutical applications was a natural progression from its use for illicit drug detection. Many pharmaceutical compounds are basic and thus have high proton affinities, providing both sensitivity and selectivity in a Ni ionization source or a corona discharge ionization source. In addition, the development of stand-alone ESI-IMS provides an efficient introduction and ionization method for nonvolatile pharmaceuticals such as those with high molecular weights, those that are ionic, and those that may decompose at elevated temperatures. 

Chen YH, McDonald FE (2006) New Chiral Synthons for Efficient Introduction of Bispropionates via Stereospecific Oxonia-Cope Rearrangements. J Am Chem Soc 128 4568... 

We have also tested the inducing effect of fatty acids on peroxisomal activity in a hepatoma cell culture (Fig. 4). In such experiments the specificity of the fatty acids as inducers proved to be different. The optimal chain length of saturated fatty acids was Ci4 (myristic acid). Longer-chain fatty acids were less efficient. Introduction of double bonds increased the inducing effect. The effects of stearate, linolate, and Unolenate increased in that order (Fig. 4). 

In order to overcome the disadvantages related to the low temperature of chemical flames, but to have sources with similarly good temporal stability and versatility with respect to analyte introduction. efforts were directed toward electrically generated plasmas. At atmospheric pressure, these discharges have a temperature of at least 5000 K and, provided their geometry is properly optimized, they allow efficient introduction of analyte aerosols. In most cases, they are operated in a noble gas to avoid chemical reactions between analyte and working gas. 

A soln. of the startg. m. and Zn-dust in methanol refluxed 12 hrs. under argon -> dodecanal. Y 89%. - Advantages of the above protective group are efficient introduction and removal, stability toward many reagents, and selective removability. F. e. s. E. J. Corey and R. A. Ruden, J. Org. Chem. 38, 834 (1973) protection of carbonyl groups as mono- or di-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetals cf. J. L. Isidor and R. M. Carlson, J. Org. Chem. 38, 554 (1973). 

As an example, reaction of a lithiated arene complex with dibromoethane or diiodoethane permits the efficient introduction of bromo and iodo substituents (Scheme 6.4). The direct complexation of the parent free arene would be unsuccessful, giving rise instead to a dehalogenation reaction. ... 

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