Oxide probe

Alayash, A.I. Ryan, B.A.B. McLeod, L.L. Goldman, D.W. Cashon, R.E. Cell-free hemoglobin and tissue oxidants probing the mechanisms of hemoglobin cytotoxicity. In Blood Substitutes Principles, Methods, Products and Clinical Trials Chang, T.M.S., Ed. Karger Landes Systems Basel, 1998 157-177. 

Emeline A. V., Kataeva G. V., Panasuk A. V., Ryabchuk V. K., Sheremetyeva N. V. and Serpone N. (2005b), Effect of surface photoreactions on the photocoloration of a wide band gap metal oxide Probing whether surface reactions are photo-catalytic , /. Phys. Chem. B 109, 5175-5185. 

Pedersen, H.G., Aluminum oxide probes for AFM force measurements Preparation, characterization and measurements, Ijtngmuir, 15, 3015, 1999. 

The synthetic procedure developed to introduce oxidative and reductive probes at the C8 position of adenosine and offer the phosphoramidites (69) and (70) has been described. To enable the efficient introduction of such groups, iV-benzoyl-5 -0-dimethoxytrityl 2 -deoxy-2-bromoadenosine was coupled with alkynylanthraquinone and alkynylphenothiazine derivatives using Pd(PPh3)4 and Cul in DMF. Subsequent phosphitylation at low temperature offered the oxidative probe-containing phosphoramidite (69) and the reductive probe-containing phosphoramidite (70), which were both to be kept under inert atmosphere conditions. ... 

Other pH-sensing transducers used in biosensors are metal oxide electrodes. Beside the common antimony oxide electrode, palladium oxide and iridium oxide probes have been coupled with immobilized enzymes. These sensors may be miniaturized by using chemical vapor deposition technology. Moreover, they are mechanically more stable than glass electrodes. Unfortunately the measuring signal of metal oxide electrodes is affected by redox active substances. 

Closely related are the 1-benzylamino-l-deoxylactitol dithiocarbamate salts developed by Eybl and co-workers316 317 for the same purpose. However, the most important application of 175 is, probably, its use as a nontoxic, water-soluble nitric oxide probe in vivo. In view of the central importance that this gaseous free-radical species plays in regulating a broad range of important biological functions, its detection and quantification near its site of production and action is of prime importance. For this purpose, the ferrous salt of MGD, which forms a stable water-soluble mononitrosyl iron-dithiocarbamate complex (176) with a characteristic electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum at room temperature, is currently used.318-323... 

Thianthrene oxide can be applied as oxidation probe also under aqueous conditions. The higher reactivity of the peracids compared with hydrogen peroxide at 40C correlate with the better bleach these peracids give at wash conditions. 

As tip-sample convolution occurs due to the finite size of the probe, it is obvious that the effect would be reduced by further miniaturizing the probe s dimensions. With some success, recent attempts to achieve this goal have utilized single-walled carbon nanotubes attached to the apexes of regular AFM probes. Commercially available sharpened silicon oxide probes can also help improve the attainable level of resolution. 

Figure 33. (a) Dp/Dpo from Nyden, et al. [119] for polyethylene oxide probes in 1% aqueous ethylhydroxyethylcellulose agsdnst probe hydrodynamic radius R. (b) Dp of [top to bottom] styrene monomer and 580, 1200, and 2470 Da polystyrene polymers in CCI4 solutions of a large-M polystyrene matrix polymer [120], and fits to eq. 16. 

Chen, J., Rempel, D.L., Gross, M.L. (2010) T-jump and Fast Photochemical Oxidation Probe Sub Millisec Protein Folding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 15502-15504. 

Pendlebury SR, Barroso M, Cowan AJ et al (2011) Dynamics of photogenerated holes in nanocrystalline a-Fc203 electrodes for water oxidation probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Common 47 716-718... 

Cheung S-T, Winnik MA, Redpath AEC (1982) The effects of solvent on end-to-end cycliza-tion of poly(ethylene oxide) probed by intramolecular pyrene excimer formation. Makromol Chem 183 1815-1824... 

Dines, T.J., MacGregor, L.D., and Rochester, C.H. The surface acidity of oxides probed by IR spectroscopy of adsorbed diazines.P/ryi. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 2676-2685. 

It is notable that the terms antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity have different meanings [11] antioxidant activity deals with the kinetics of a reaction between an AOX and the radical antioxidant capacity measures the thermodynamic conversion efficiency of an oxidant probe upon reaction with an AOX. 

Catalytic Activity of CO Oxidation on Ru Nanoparticles and Ru Oxides Probed with Ambient Pressure XPS... 

Figure 8.26 DJDq through aqueous solutions of (O) 19, (0) 110, and ( ) 510 kDa dextrans of 73 kDa (open points, right scale) and 278 kDa (filled points, left scale) polyethylene oxide probes, based on measurements of Brown and Stilbs(42). Lines represent Eq. 8.2, employing the same parameters for all measurements.

Of these, only olefin hydrogenation and olefin isomerization are sufficiently gentle to probe molecular model catalysts and surface catalysts without modification of their structures. Additional probe reactions should be developed and used. In particular, probe reactions should be developed for and applied to oxidation catalysts. Potential oxidation probe reactions include H2 + O2 — H2O, CO oxidation, and simple hydrocarbon oxidations. 

---