Efficacy spectrum

Analysis approach - corn and sorghum A two-tiered approach was also used to characterize the benefits associated with uses of atrazine and simazine in corn and sorghum. First, a comparative analysis was made of product labels. The following parameters were considered in this review performance profiles, including efficacy, spectrum, and crop tolerance label comparisons physical and chemical characteristics of the product hazard profiles economic benefits and other relevant issues, such as use restrictions, etc. 

When applying the substances described above or their possible combinations, the efficacy spectrum of the remedy and the respective risk of side effects always have to be weighed against each other. In long-term treatment, a reduction in dosage may serve to lower the risk of side effects while maintaining a satisfactory level of success. 

The relationship between SPF and 1/T in Equation (7) is often referred to, but is not correct in this oversimplified representation. Although 1/T has the meaning of a physical protection factor, for the calculation of the SPF the spectral range between 290 and 400 nm has to be considered including weighting with the erythemal efficacy spectrum (Fig. 13). In addition, the irregularity of the film profile has a strong influence on the calculated SPF. 

Packaging material compatibility (Wallhdufier, 1984). The suitability of a preservative, depends not only on the breadth of its efficacy spectrum and the other criteria already mentioned, but also on primary packaging materials. Efficacy reduction in this case is mainly due to absorption effects, and depends on the type of formulation -how lipophilic the preservatives are and the plastics used. Plastics such as polyethylene absorb quaternary compounds [II, 18.1.], PHB ester [II, 8.1.11.], sorbic acid PI, 8.1.5.] benzoic acid [II, 8.1.9.] etc., from fluid and semi-fluid contents, leading to a reduction in their efficacy, often within weeks. 

The minimum inhibition concentrations listed in Table 142 show that the Chlorhexidine digluconate formulation disposes of a broad efficacy spectrum. It may be utilized as a preservative in cosmetics, as an active ingredient in handwashes and scrubs, for dental and veterinary applications. - Percentage of use in US formulations chlorhexidine digluconate 0.09% chlorhexidine acetate 0.01% chlorhexidine dihydrochloride 0.02%. 

The efficacy of the phenothiazines for the treatment of various psychoses led to extensive synthetic programs aimed at modulation of the biologic spectrum of these molecules. As seen elsewhere, much of this work has centered on changes of the nature of the atoms that constitute the center ring. Thus, for example, it has proven possible to replace the nitrogen atom of the phenothiazine by carbon while maintaining neuroleptic activity. 

Clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of tumors these include SCLC, testicular tumors, sarcomas, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, pancreatic tumors and lymphomas. Ifosfamide is less myelosuppressive than cyclophosphamide but is more toxic to the bladder. Therefore it is recommended that ifosfamide is coadministered with the thiol compound mesna to avoid hemorrhagic cystitis and to reduce the risk of developing bladder cancer. Other side effects include neurotoxicity and myelosuppression. 

However, acyclic nucleotide analogs (acyclic nucleoside phosphonates) have been developed, which carry one phosphonate moiety and require only the two subsequent phosphorylation steps (De Clercq et al. 1978). Independent of virus-encoded kinases, they display a broader spectrum of efficacy. This class comprises important drugs against HIV (tenofovir) and HBV (adefovir, tenofovir), as well as cidofovir, which is approved for use against CMV retinitis, but also displays an exceptionally broad efficacy profile against many herpesviruses, adenovirus, poxviruses, and papillomaviruses (De Clercq and Holy 2005). 

Penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin) Broad-spectrum antibiotics may alter intestinal flora, Decrease efficacy of COCs, although the... 

The newer quinolones have a greater spectrum of activity. These agents are effective for pyelonephritis. Avoid in pregnancy and children. Moxifloxacin is not listed due to lack of indication and efficacy data. 

In as much as products for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease cover the spectrum of practically all dosage forms and, thus, require the same pharmaceutical sciences for their development, in this chapter we discuss the entire scope of considerations involved in the development of ophthalmic products, ranging from regulatory and compendial requirements, through physicochemical, safety, and efficacy considerations, to a discussion of types of dosage forms currently used by the medical practitioner. 

Lastly, pharmacogenomics could provide new tools for the design of more specific and active CNS pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of a broad spectrum of neuro-pharmaceutical drugs is often complicated by their inability to reach their site of action because of the BBB. One way to overcome this is to use carrier-mediated transport at the luminal and/or abluminal membranes of the endothelial cells of the BBB. This will provide a physiologically based drug delivery strategy for the brain by designing new chemical entities or fused proteins that can cross the BBB via these transporters. 

Calcium channels have been shown to play a role in epilepsy as well [23]. Currently used antiepileptic drugs exhibit a wide spectrum of activity, including modulation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. T-type calcium channels have been demonstrated to play an important role in absence epilepsy, a specific form of epilepsy characterized by brief lapses in consciousness correlated with spike-and-wave discharges in the electroencephalogram [14,24-28]. Ethosuximide 1 has been shown to block T-type calcium channels and is used clinically to treat absence epilepsy [25]. Several selective small-molecule T-type calcium channel antagonists have demonstrated efficacy in rodent epilepsy models (vide infra). 

Reciprocal threshold spectrum, i.e. incident intensity at various wavelengths required to give accumulation. The peaks thus indicate efficacy of that wavelength. Spectra not corrected for energy. 

Rifaximin is a synthetic rifamycin derivative, which acts by inhibiting bacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis [48]. It is virtually unabsorbed after oral administration and is, therefore, used primarily to treat gastrointestinal infections. Rifaximin possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, both arerobic and anaerobic [49], Several studies [44, 49-62] have shown that in patients with HE rifaximin displays an efficacy similar to that of lactulose and neomycin (table 1). A recently published study [62] compared the efficacy and safety of... 

Rifaximin is broad-spectrum antibiotic, which covers many skin pathogens, whose lack of transcutaneous absorption has been well documented by both animal [8] and human [9] studies. On these grounds, a topical formulation (i.e. cream) containing 5% of the active compound was developed and tested in the treatment of pyogenic skin infections. Some open trials [20, 21] showed the efficacy and safety of the formulation and pointed out the lack of selection of resistant strains after topical application of rifaximin. In any event, drug delivery from the topical formulation is orders of magnitude higher than the... 

---