Sodium voltage-gated

Catterall WA (2000) From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuron 26 13-25... 

Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels. Pharmacol Rev 57 397-409. 

Schultz, J., Hoffmuller, U., Krause, G., Ashurst, J., Macias, M. J., Schmieder, P., Schneider-Mergener, J., and Oschknat, H. (1998). Specific interactions between the syntrophin PDZ domain and voltage-gated sodium channels. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 19-24. 

Understand the function of sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels... 

Calcium channels have been shown to play a role in epilepsy as well [23]. Currently used antiepileptic drugs exhibit a wide spectrum of activity, including modulation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. T-type calcium channels have been demonstrated to play an important role in absence epilepsy, a specific form of epilepsy characterized by brief lapses in consciousness correlated with spike-and-wave discharges in the electroencephalogram [14,24-28]. Ethosuximide 1 has been shown to block T-type calcium channels and is used clinically to treat absence epilepsy [25]. Several selective small-molecule T-type calcium channel antagonists have demonstrated efficacy in rodent epilepsy models (vide infra). 

Yang, N. B., George, A. L. Jr. and Horn, R. Molecular basis of charge movement in voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuron 16,113-122,1996. 

Many antiseizure drugs act on voltage-gated sodium channels to limit high-frequency but not low-frequency firing of neurons 634... 

Wood, J. N. and Baker, M. Voltage-gated sodium channels. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 1 17-21, 2001. 

Carbamazepine may act primarily by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. 

Keywords CS-syndrome Neurotransmitter release Pyrethroids T-syndrome Voltage-gated calcium channels Voltage-gated sodium channels... 

There have been many studies over the last 40 years that provide substantial evidence that voltage-gated sodium channels in the CNS are major sites of action for the pyrethroids in mammals [1, 20-25]. This literature has been recently critically reviewed by Soderlund [10] from the viewpoint of the neurotoxic action of pyrethroids in mammals and we will rely heavily on this review in our summary below. 

Using both voltage- and patch-clamp electrophysiological protocols, pyrethroids have been shown to affect the kinetic properties of voltage-gated sodium channels in a way that is consistent with their neuroexcitability [22], With voltage-clamp,... 

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