Effects behavior mediated

O Connell R.J. and Meredith (1984). Effects of volatile and non-volatile chemical signals on male sex behaviors mediated by the main and accessory olfactory systems. Behav Neurosci 98, 1083-1093. 

The acute CNS effects of MDMA administration are mediated by the release of monoamine transmitters, with the subsequent activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor sites.40 As specific examples in rats, MDMA suppresses 5-HT cell firing, evokes neuroendocrine secretion, and stimulates locomotor activity. MDMA-induced suppression of 5-HT cell firing in the dorsal and median raphe involves activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors by endogenous 5-HT.4142 Neuroendocrine effects of MDMA include secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary and corticosterone from the adrenal glands 43 Evidence supports the notion that these MDMA-induced hormonal effects are mediated via postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in the hypothalamus, which are activated by released 5-HT. MDMA elicits a unique profile of locomotor effects characterized by forward locomotion and elements of the 5-HT behavioral syndrome such as flattened body posture, Straub tail, and forepaw treading.44 6 The complex motor effects of MDMA are dependent on monoamine release followed by activation of multiple postsynaptic 5-HT and DA receptor subtypes in the brain,47 but the precise role of specific receptor subtypes is still under investigation. 

A large number of functional and electrophysiologic studies in transected animals support the conclusion that hallucinogens facilitate spinal MSRs and PSRs in both flexor and extensor muscles. Furthermore, these studies show that 5-HT antagonists effectively block the observed excitatory behavioral effects, suggesting mediation by spinal excitatory 5-HT receptors. 

The importance of that "talent" is evident in the facts that behavior mediated by olfaction is often concerned with intraspecific and interspecific communication or recognition and that olfactory input can have profound effects on the behavioral state of the animal (11). 

At higher doses, cocaine can produce undesirable effects, including tremor, emotional lability, restlessness, irritability, paranoia, panic, and repetitive stereotyped behavior. At even higher doses, it can induce intense anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations, along with hypertension, tachycardia, ventricular irritability, hyperthermia, and respiratory depression. In overdose, cocaine can cause acute heart failure, stroke, and seizures. Acute intoxication with cocaine produces these various clinical effects, depending on the dose these effects are mediated by inhibition of the dopamine transporter and in turn by the effects of excessive dopamine activity in dopamine synapses, as well as by norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses. 

The effects of k opioid agonists on dopamine levels also has implications for the treatment of cocaine abuse. Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine, and considerable evidence suggests that cocaine s reinforcing effects are mediated by these increases in extracellular dopamine (see Refs. 250, 251 and references cited therein). Because k agonists can decrease dopamine levels, they can ad as functional antagonists of cocaine (250, 251). Several k agonists have been shown to decrease cocaine selfadministration (250-254 but see Ref 255) and K agonists can also attenuate many of the behavioral effects of cocaine (see Ref 250). 

Paw Test In the paw test, rats are placed on a platform with their fore- and hind-limbs lowered into four separate holes. The paw test determines the effects of drugs on the spontaneous retraction of extended forelimbs and hindlimbs (243). The test was originally developed to study the effects of GABAergic drugs on motor behavior mediated in the dorsal striatum (243). It was soon discovered that classical antipsychotics such as haloperidol and CPZ increase the time for retraction of the hindlimb (HRT)and the forelimb (FRT) with equal potencies, whereas thioridazine and clozapine increase HRT at lower doses than were required to increase FRT (244). It was proposed that FRT models the EPS effects of neuroleptics, whereas HRT models their thera-... 

Fiixe, K., Hokfelt, T., Jonssen, G. and Lidbrink, P. (1973) Brain endocrine interaction are some effects of ACTH and adrenocortical hormones on neuroendocrine regulation and behavior mediated via central catecholamine neurons . In ... 

Pheromones are often described by function, by the effect they have. For example, sex pheromones describe those involved in mate-finding or attraction. Others include aggregation, alarm, and trail pheromones. Some responses are context-specific - for example in some ant species alarm pheromones cause ants to disperse if released far from the nest but to attack if released close to the nest. In a way, these descriptors allow us simply to describe the range of behaviors mediated by pheromones and then generalize from these to describe patterns in use, say, of sex pheromones across taxa. 

This chapter deals with the effects of pollutants on different chemoreceptive behaviors in fish and crustaceans. Some of the early studies of pollutant effects on fish chemo-reception and behavior have been summarized in reviews of Blaxter and Hallers-Tjabbes (1982) and Brown et al. (1982). Sloman and Wilson (2006) discussed the literature dealing with the effects of chemical pollutants on behaviors mediated by different senses in fish. Since most research on pollutant effects in aquatic systems involves the behavior of fish and crustaceans, in the following paragraphs, I will describe the different vital behaviors that are affected by various types of pollutants. 

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