Educational tourism

Studies of the tourism experiences of teenagers are limited, and mostly come under the umbrella of educational tourism such as school study tours or are investigated as a part of the lower bounds of the independent youth market (Ritchie, 2003). The literature on leisure has contributed some important insights relevant to tourism studies on adolescent travel behaviour by noting marked sex differences and the central importance of social relationships and status for this age cohort (Mannell Kleiber, 1997). Importantly, there is evidence that patterns of leisure activity begun in adolescence are quite likely to continue into adult life (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990 Stebbins, 1992). Further studies of the continuity of travel behaviour from teenage years to adult life could identify new patterns of transition in tourist behaviour research. 

Ritchie, B.W. with Carr, N. and Cooper, C. (2003) Managing Educational Tourism. Clevedon Channel View Publications. 

The volume is intended to be both a resource and an integrating force for the analysis of an important part of tourism. It seeks to be educational rather than prescriptive, probing new ways of tackling topics. It is eclectic in its methodological tolerance rather than narrowly defined. Like tourism itself, it is hoped that it will fulfil multiple needs in diverse settings. 

The peak and flow experiences of travellers occupy much attention in the tourism and leisure literature (Bammel Bammel, 1992 Mannell Kleiber, 1997). While there are clearly other services and intangible products studied in the consumer behaviour literature (education, for example, can be cast in this framework), the deeply personal reactions and sometimes the socio-environmental consequences of the tourists on-site behaviour are distinctive. 

Tourism is one such field and its practitioners have had and continue to have an influence on its development. It is particularly notable that tourism managers and operators have typically not undertaken university education or been exposed to research cultures. Unlike teachers or doctors, for example, a lack of experience with the value of scholarly and research activity may predispose tourism practitioners to maintain an anti-intellectual and pragmatic business outlook. This orientation can... 

Re-educate Long-term changes to personal behaviour resulting from tourist experiences may help the overall sustainability effort, e.g.when they get home, tourists may stop their long-term use of plastic recently experienced as a hazard to marine tourism... 

One of the most widespread tourist behaviour shaping mechanisms is that of visitor education. While all of the preceding mechanisms are important, and some (such as infrastructure design), apply to both the tourism industry and the tourist, education and its corollary in the tourism context interpretation is a major dimension shaping tourist on-site behaviour. 

It is essential to the theme of this chapter that quality interpretation shapes visitors on-site experiences and helps promote sustainable behaviour. There is only limited evidence for this claim, and more work needs to be carried out more creatively in this area. In a number of individual studies learning and educational efforts as well as enjoyment have been demonstrated as mutual outcomes of interpretive efforts (Moscardo, 1998). Additionally, interpretation can clearly structure a visitor s time at a site, both in the activity itself and in the ways in which the material digested shapes further on-site activity. It is less clear that tourist-related on-site interpretation fosters long-term behavioural changes that serve the overall conservation of the planet. Nevertheless for select groups predisposed to certain kinds of tourism, existing attitudes, appear to be consolidated (Lee, 2002). 

Faulkner, B., Pearce, P., Shaw, R. and Weiler, B. (1995) Tourism research in Australia Confronting the challenges of the 1990s and beyond. In Tourism Research and Education in Australia (pp. 3-25). Proceedings from the Tourism and Educators Conference, Gold Coast (1994). Canberra Bureau of Tourism Research. 

Jafari, J. (1990) Research and scholarship The basis of tourism education. Journal of Tourism Studies 1 (1), 33-41. 

Jafari, J. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1981) Towards a framework for tourism education. Annals of Tourism Research VIII (I), 13-34. 

Loker-Murphy, L.E. (1995) Backpackers in Australia A motivation-based segmentation study. In B. Faulkner, M. Fagence, M. Davison and C. Craig-Smith (eds) Proceedings from the Tourism Research and Education Conference (pp. 115-28). Canberra Bureau of Tourism Research. 

Woods, B. and Moscardo, G. (1998) Researching interpretive techniques in tourism An evaluation of the effectiveness of pictorial symbols in reef tourist education. In B. Faulkner, C. Tideswell and D. Weaver (eds) Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research (pp. 320-333). Canberra Bureau of Tourism Research. 

Dale, C. (2007). Strategies for using podcasting to support student learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6, 49-57. 

Jellyfish present both opportunities and challenges for the aquaculture industry. They can produce economic gains or losses. In the first section, we review the fisheries and culture of jellyfish for human food, multi-miUion-dollar industries with markets currently centered in Asia. Interest in jellyfish has increased around the world in recent decades, both for public aquarium exhibition, where they offer economic and educational opportunities, and for scientific study, because the problems jellyfish cause have increased in coastal waters. Thus, in the second section, we present guidelines for culture conditions and tank construction for display or study of 27 jellyfish species. Although some jellyfish species benefit human health and economics, most are considered to be harmful, resulting in many millions of dollars in costs annually. Human problems with jellyfish include stinging and the costs associated with prevention, treatment, and loss of tourism. 

The service sector means education, health, entertainment, transportation, con-straction and real estate, hotels and hostels, restaurants, selling food and beverage sales of restaurants, rental, entertainment and recreation, personal service, household services, services for business, all kinds of repair, and travel- and tourism-related businesses. 

And today, even relatively young countries have made tremendous progress in safety practices. The United Arab Emirates became a country in 1971. Abu Dhabi, the capital, created the Environment, Health, and Safety Center in 2010. In a few short years, a series of safety standards and codes of practices have started being developed across many industries including transportation, health, tourism, water and electricity, waste managanent, education, food industry, building and construction, and industrial and commercial activity sectors. 

University of Malaya Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia Tourism Malaysia... 

After the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, the majority of businesses in the center business district (CBD) had to relocate. In the week after the quake, people at the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) described how everyone was on the phone trying to find a place and negotiate a lease. In some cases this involved multiple locations. Inland Revenue staff, for example, are scattered in 300 different offices. Some firms have moved to residential or semi-industrial areas and others have relocated to other cities. Tourism declined and tertiary education was under pressure. A City Coxmcil survey suggests that over 60 % of businesses that moved out wanted to return to the city and the CBD was already under pressure from a number of peripheral shopping malls, though 51,000 people were... 

Tertiary education and tourism sector organizations are reliant on customers from outside the affected areas and can be affected by a perception that the area is no longer a fun or safe place to visit. 

---