On-site Behaviour

A subdivision in the types of decision making clarifies the kinds of people involved. There are public decision-makers who make either policy or management decisions about on-site behaviour. There are marketers in joint public-private cooperative endeavours whose interests include such factors as what will influence travellers to come to place A, B or C. There are also business decision makers concerned with the design and financial success of tourism products. These kinds of interests focus on what tourists will prefer and how they make their travel choices and purchases. Tourism industry lobby groups may also be interested in select tourist behaviour issues, particularly topics such as user-pays fees and taxes on activities. 

The peak and flow experiences of travellers occupy much attention in the tourism and leisure literature (Bammel Bammel, 1992 Mannell Kleiber, 1997). While there are clearly other services and intangible products studied in the consumer behaviour literature (education, for example, can be cast in this framework), the deeply personal reactions and sometimes the socio-environmental consequences of the tourists on-site behaviour are distinctive. 

This account of tourists on-site behaviour is organised by initially presenting a simple integrative model of place. This neat summative approach is then used to structure the discussion on experientially enhancing features of visited destinations. Attention is directed both to specific attractions and to the broader natural and social environment. Two special topics pertaining to the on-site visit experience will themselves be visited visitor skills and authenticity. The importance of sustainable on-site behaviours is then identified, and a number of mechanisms to enhance sustainable tourist behaviours outlined. Interpretation, and the conceptual scheme of mindfulness to underpin the work on interpretation, are reviewed. Finally, tourist behaviour at a specific location, Australia s Kangaroo Island, is considered. The discussion of this site will cast it as a microcosm of Australian tourism and a globally useful exemplar of tourists on-site experiences. 

One of the most widespread tourist behaviour shaping mechanisms is that of visitor education. While all of the preceding mechanisms are important, and some (such as infrastructure design), apply to both the tourism industry and the tourist, education and its corollary in the tourism context interpretation is a major dimension shaping tourist on-site behaviour. 

Exposure assessment, quantification or prediction of environmental concentrations of the substance based on on-site measurements (MEC) or its projected fate and behaviour (PEC), respectively. 

U contamination at this site might provide useful information on the behaviour of 237Nd and 99Tc. 

The dehydration behaviour of produced emulsions was studied on-site in well 31/2-5 to confirm the dehydration results obte n d in the laboratory experiments. 

During June 1984, a wax deposition test was conducted 1n appraisal well 31/2-14. The objectives were to assess the extent of wax deposition on-site and to compare It with the laboratory wax deposition behaviour In the capillary test loop. 

There are several critical dimensions that create differences between tourist behaviour and consumer behaviour. One such major difference lies in the extended phases that surround tourist activities. Clawson and Knetsch (1966) identified five such phases. They noted (1) an anticipation or pre-purchase (2) a travel to the site segment, (3) an on-site experience, (4) a return travel component, and (5) an extended recall and recollection stage. 

For both the travel to the site and the return travel phases of tourist behaviour there is no sensible analogy in the consumer behaviour literature. Yet, the anticipatory elements of tourist experiences are heightened by the need to access the visited location and such travel is often an integral part of the total experience. Further, and from a business perspective, the pre- and post-travel phases are important subcomponents of the total expenditure that travellers must make to access the on-site experience. 

The model is organised by considering the previous experience and commitment of the tourist, which could vary along interrelated involvement dimensions but is expressed here simply as a high and low contrast. The on-site style category may be active and involved. It is influenced by interpretation, embraces multisensory experiences and possibly results in mindfulness and active mental processing. By way of contrast, some on-site tourist behaviour styles are restricted to passive observation with limited involvement where the tourist receives rather than processes information. 

The focus of this chapter is tourists on-site experiences with the sites and settings they visit. A major emphasis in this chapter lies in understanding and promoting sustainable tourist behaviours. 

There is a growing and extensive archive of research on tourism s impacts that documents the specific negative effects of on-site tourist behaviour. Tourist activities have numerous consequences for biophysical environments and the species and human societies they support (Newsome et at, 2002). As pointed out some time ago by Nicholson (1972), many people (including tourism advocates), fail to grasp the number of sociocultural and ecological factors that are negatively affected by tourists (Ryan, 2003). The biophysical list includes impacts arising from water... 

In Chapter 2, the work of Swarbrooke (1999a) was cited as defining the role responsibilities for sustainable tourist behaviour. It was noted that it was difficult to carry out some of these behaviours (such as boycotting exploitative businesses) owing to the complexities of appraising local practices and standards. More simply, ignorance of local customs and skill deficits, as discussed in this chapter, as well as intentionally selfish behaviours, may all be contributors to undesirable on-site actions. 

Regrettably, a global consciousness and an awareness of sustainability issues are not reliably pursued by tourists in many contexts. As a consequence of the impacts of tourist behaviour briefly reviewed at the start of this chapter, governments and public management agencies have instituted a set of control and influence mechanisms to shape negative tourist behaviours that alter on-site experiences for all participants. Five such mechanisms can be identified. 

Mechanisms Shaping On-site Tourist Behaviour Legal... 

Before reporting on conceptual schemes, three distinctive issues pertaining to interpretation need to be explored to understand this on-site influence on tourist behaviour these are intrinsic impact, information organisation, and the challenge of selectivity. 

It is essential to the theme of this chapter that quality interpretation shapes visitors on-site experiences and helps promote sustainable behaviour. There is only limited evidence for this claim, and more work needs to be carried out more creatively in this area. In a number of individual studies learning and educational efforts as well as enjoyment have been demonstrated as mutual outcomes of interpretive efforts (Moscardo, 1998). Additionally, interpretation can clearly structure a visitor s time at a site, both in the activity itself and in the ways in which the material digested shapes further on-site activity. It is less clear that tourist-related on-site interpretation fosters long-term behavioural changes that serve the overall conservation of the planet. Nevertheless for select groups predisposed to certain kinds of tourism, existing attitudes, appear to be consolidated (Lee, 2002). 

Every review on enamines published so far includes a section dealing, however briefly, with the acid-base properties of these compounds2,3. In our chapter we shall focus on the behaviour of enamines in protonation and deprotonation processes and try to systemize the available information on the subject, in order to shed some light on the active site involved in the processes concerned. 

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