Economic comparisons time-based

The economic comparison is based on the equivalent annual cost (EAC). The EAC is the cost per year of owning and operating an asset over its entire lifespan. EAC is often used as a decision-making tool in capital budgeting when comparing investment projects. The EAC can be calculated by multiplying the net present value (NPV) of a project by the loan repayment factor LRF. The loan repayment factor (LRF) is calculated by the total time n (years) of the project and the discount rate ( ). The net present value (NPV) of a project or investment is defined as the sum of the present values of the annual cash flows C, minus the initial investment Cq. 

This study aims at a comparison of future reactor concepts, paying particular attention to aspects of safety, of the fuel cycle, the economics, the experience-base and the state of development. Representative examples of typical development lines, that could possibly be of interesf within a time horizon of 50 years were selected for comparison. This can be divided into three phases ... 

Most of the suppliers provided up-dated information on their technical designs, possibilities of reducing construction time and on economic comparison between nuclear and coal fired plants. Two developing countries presented papers on their SMPR market situation. Detailed information was presented about economic comparison of nuclear and coal-fired plants, based on experience in India and Canada, which clearly indicates the advantages of a nuclear power programme with small reactors. Other participants expressed doubts about the use of nuclear power versus other power sources, especially coal in the size range below 600 MW(e). 

The SimuSolv optimize function can be used for minimization of a user defined cost expression. However, at this early stage of process development, no attempt was made to determine parameters for an economic optimum. Instead, many simulations were run to determine parameter sensitivities and malce comparisons of various possibilities which satisfied a necessary objective of reaching the desired low level of residual monomer. Attention was given to minimizing total finishing time, the amount of initiator required and residual initiator level at the end of the finishing step. Based on simulation results for... 

At the time of a reimbursement decision, it is highly unlikely that there will be head-to-head clinical trials of the therapies concerned. Such trials are costly and time consuming to undertake, or it is not possible to undertake a trial comparing two investigational therapies. Whatever the reason for the lack of head-to-head studies, an economic evaluation seeking to provide relevant information to a reimbursement agency must incorporate an estimate of treatment effect that is based on indirecf comparisons. 

Because this literature has become so vast and has morphed in so many different ways, we focus on a subset. Specifically, we review three types of studies. First, we review evidence based on comparisons of spending and outcomes across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Second, we describe a number of studies focusing on specific countries (namely, the United States and Canada). These studies have examined the impact of pharmaceutical spending levels on health outcomes using variation across administrative units and over time within individual countries. Finally, we introduce the growing literature examining the value of pharmaceuticals relative to specific disease areas. 

Example 5 Comparison of alternative investments by different profitability methods. A company has three alternative investments which are being considered. Because all three investments are for the same type of unit and yield the same service, only one of the investments can be accepted. The risk factors are the same for all three cases. Company policies, based on the current economic situation, dictate that a minimum annual return on the original investment of 15 percent after taxes must be predicted for any unnecessary investment with interest on investment not included as a cost. (This may be assumed to mean that other equally sound investments yielding a 15 percent return after taxes are available.) Company policies also dictate that, where applicable, straight-line depreciation is used and, for time-value of money interpretations, end-of-year cost and profit analysis is used. Land value and prestartup costs can be ignored. 

However, the comparison of the data collected in Tab. 6-4 offers a realistic estimate of process efficiencies. The quantum yield of OH radical formation on Ti02 is only 4 to 10% at best. This is the major reason why Ti02 processes have, in general, not been commercially successful. Pure economic analysis (favored by Bolton) results in an estimate that hydrogen peroxide based photo-initiated AOPs are 50 to 100 times more efficient in their use of electricity than Ti02 photocata-... 

These investments are average values which may deviate by 10 to 20 per cent, or even more, from those pertaining to real cases, for which the specific circumstances of establishment are taken into consideration. This means that, although they, as well as the other economic characteristics quoted, result from a critical statistical compilation based on data from various sources (proposals, evaluations, publications) and hence offer a correct assessment of the economic value of the processes at a given time, for typical service conditions, the comparisons between technologies whidi may be inferred ould not be used to discard any given industrial application, but merely to spotlight certain trends. 

RubCon can be used in specialized structures instead of traditional building materials (reinforced concrete, steel, wood). Comparison of technical and economic parameters of RubCon with the most widespread kinds of corrosion-resistant concretes, in particular polymer concrete based on epoxy and polyester resins, showed that the cost of a useful loading unit of the RubCon structure is more than twice as effective as epoxy polymer concrete and 2.2 times as effective as polyester polymer concrete. 

The climate for innovation has taken a steady pounding in recent times. By comparison, the climate was salubrious in the early 1960 s. Entrepreneurs flourished and venture capital flowed readily to finance new technological initiatives with long-term pay offs. Innovators and entrepreneurs took big chances in an economic environment that encouraged the creation of new technologically based enterprises. The risks were hlgh> b ut so were the po tentlal rewards. 

Because of the influence of sector stmcture on energy intensity, cross-coimtiy or cross-time comparisons cannot be made based solely on trends in the absolute value of the energy efficiency indicator (SEC) for each cormtry. To be able to compare developments in energy efficiency between cormtries and over time, differences and changes in economic stmctrrre have to be taken into accormt. Two approaches are used for this, the reference plant approach and decomposition analysis. 

Despite the high tonnages of petrochemicals, the chemical industry as a whole consumes rather less than 10% of available petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons as feedstocks, with possibly a further 4-5% as fuel. For comparison, the current consumption of gasoline alone in Western Europe exceeds 120 Mt per annum, while the U.S. figure is over 300 Mt per annum. Hence, prices of individual hydrocarbon feedstocks are largely determined by other forces the most economic feedstock/route combination has frequently changed with time, and may differ in different parts of the world. Furthermore, while a specific route may be preferred for new plants, older plants for which the capital is largely written off may well remain economically viable. Finally, special situations may prompt individual solutions. For example, Rhone-Poulenc in France derive the carbon monoxide for a very modern acetic acid plant, based on Monsanto s methanol carbonylation process, from the partial... 

---