Economic and Technical Problems

In addition, in developing countries there is often a scarcity of personnel trained to manage any existing technical infrastructure. This is compounded by the diverse demands 

A problem that is specihc to developing countries is the lack of knowledge on how to dispose of stockpiles of POPs. This problem epitomizes the link between economic and technical issues since developing countries usually lack both the financial resources and technical capacity to dispose of significant stockpiles of POPs. 

---

The modern foundry process for producing nodular iron can be oversimplified by describing it as the treatment of a base iron (3% to 4% carbon, 1% to 2% silicon) having low (0,005% to 0.05%) sulfur levels and containing little (<0,05%) phosphorus. The treatment is carried out by means of the introduction of the appropriate nodulizer into this base iron. Inadequate addition of nodulizer results in incomplete spheroidization. Excessive concentrations of nodulizers promote the formation of unwanted iron carbides. The nodulizing elements include the rare earths, magnesium, yttrium and calcium. The latter two elements find little or no use today because of economical and technical problems. 

The use of triphenylphosphine (15) as an auxiliary reagent for the Wittig reaction posed a further economical and technical problem, since triphenylphosphine (15)... 

Unfortunately, no one has figured how to make the process work on a large scale. One nuclear reactor using thorium was built near Platteville, Colorado, in 1979. However, a number of economic and technical problems developed. After only 10 years of operation, the plant was shut down. The promise of thorium fission plants has yet to become reality. 

There is one operating facility at Ames, Iowa which recovers and uses fluff RDF on a daily basis. This facility has encountered a series of economic and technical problems. A second facility at Milwaukee, Wisconsin is entering its first year of... 

In spite of unfavorable economics and technical problems, several flavoring materials and intermediates have been produced on a large scale by fermentation. 

The treatment of scrap and postconsumer waste both pose economical and technical problems, as the amount of recycled material has increased much faster than the reprocessing capacities and market utilisation. The cost-effectiveness of the process and ability to adequately solve problems on an industrial level govern any perceived environmental benefit in addition, the market must be able to utilise the new materials arising from recycling [35]. 

In a recent seminar, a medical expert noted that the United States has given away economic and technical dominance in industry after industry to other countries. Healthcare research is one of the few areas in which the U.S. enjoys unparalleled leadership which has enormous impact on the quality of medical care. If the healthcare industry and the academic medical enterprise falters—and this is in danger right now—I think it will be an absolute disaster for this country [40]. Many in pharmacy, medicine, and other healthcare fields would concur with the above statement. The problem is that many others in the public sector do not fully appreciate what is at stake. Pharmacists have an opportunity to help tell the story, as difficult as it sometimes is to convey. 

The initial design problem is to determine whether It is both economically and technically feasible to establish a facility to produce nitric acid in Western Australia. ... 

The prospects for facilitated transport membranes for gas separation are better because these membranes offer clear potential economic and technical advantages for a number of important separation problems. Nevertheless, the technical problems that must be solved to develop these membranes to an industrial scale are daunting. Industrial processes require high-performance membranes able to operate reliably without replacement for at least one and preferably several years. No current facilitated transport membrane approaches this target, although some of the solid polymer electrolyte and bound-carrier membranes show promise. 

The applications of, or problems caused by emulsions, foams, and suspensions in industry area are quite diverse and have great practical importance. The different industrial application settings share some important common themes as well. Colloidal dispersions can be found, may require treatment, or may be applied to advantage throughout most, if not all, of the process industries. In each case the nature, properties, or even the presence or absence of these dispersions can determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. In this book, a wide range of application areas are summarized. 

JMULSIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ALMOST EVERY PART of the petroleum production and recovery process in reservoirs, produced at wellheads, in many parts of the refining process, and in transportation pipelines. In each case the presence and nature of emulsions can determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. This book is intended to provide an introduction to the nature, occurrence, handling, formation, and breaking of petroleum emulsions. The primary focus is on the applications of the principles and includes attention to practical emulsion problems. 

For most SCF formulation processes at large-scale, solvent recycle is mandatory whatever are the encountered problems detailed below. Most investigators do ignore this major economic and technical issue as they only work at lab-scale where the fluid can be vented otherwise, many results would never have been presented as attractive and promising breakthroughs as they are certainly useless for any commercial application. 

In some cases, economic and technical constraints may require society to settle for protecting less than 100 percent of a particular ground water resource. Even under such circumstances, the conservative approach to risk perception and risk assessment should not change. A simple way of illustrating the interconnectedness of these problems is to assume a hypothetical quantitative relationship where RM = (RP) x (RA). Achievement of only 80 percent risk management (RM = 0.8) would still require near-perfect risk perception and assessment (e.g., RA (0.9) x RP (0.9)). 

Many organic farmers all over the world face similar technical, economic and social problems. These are identified in the following section. However, answers to these questions depend considerably on where the organic farmer is located. The geographical location of a farmer is important because soil and climate differences influence input requirements, yields and total farm production capacity. Different policy approaches are then discussed, looking at the impact of policies on those producers for whom they are beneficial and those organic farmers in other countries that feel the consequences of those policies. 

There are two possibilities for an electrochemical utilization of the chemical energy of coal (i) via prior coal gasification and the subsequent use of hydrogen and/or of carbon monoxide, thus produced, in various fuel cells and (ii) by a direct electrochemical oxidation within the fuel cell. For the first of these possibilities no insurmountable technical or scientific problems arise. Gasification units and proton-conducting membrane fuel cells are well known and very reliable devices, so, their use is connected only with economic and lifetime problems. 

This book provides an introduction to the nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses of surfactants in the petroleum industry. The primary focus is on applications of the principles of colloid and interface science to surfactant applications in the petroleum industry, and includes attention to practical processes and problems. Books available up to now are either principally theoretical (such as the colloid chemistry texts), much more general (like Rosen s Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, Myers Surfactant Science and Technology, or Mittal s Solution Chemistry of Surfactants), or else much narrower in scope (like Smith s Surfactant Based Mobility Control). The applications of surfactants in the petroleum industry area are quite diverse and have a great practical importance. The area contains a number of problems of more fundamental interest as well. Surfactants may be applied to advantage in many parts of the petroleum production process in reservoirs, in oilwells, in surface processing operations, and in environmental, health, and safety applications. In each case appropriate knowledge and practices determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. 

Engineers, physicists and, in general, scientists dealing with real phenomena nsnally have to deal with uncertainty which often raises serious theoretical and computational difficulties. With the aim of reducing these complications that frequently make many problems irresolvable, standard methods have been developed in structural analysis assuming implicitly that all involved parameters are deterministically known. This remains is an oversimplification of real conditions because parameters are only partially known. Due to economical and technical reasons, only few problem parameter measurements are available if not simply intrinsically uncertain. The uncertainty of structural problems may afflict many involved factors, such as dynamic loads intensity, material mechanical parameters and geometrical configurations, all commonly considered as deterministic in standard analysis. 

A period of sustained economic growth after 1986 stimulated a rise in lead prices, which reached a peak (at least in annual average terms), in 1990. Lead consumption had risen for seven years in succession between 1982 and 1989. After 1987, concentrate and metal supply bottlenecks became more widespread, due to a combination of strikes and technical problems at a number of facilities. As a result, by the end of the decade, reported industry metal stocks fell to their lowest level for over twenty years, down to barely the equivalent of four weeks supply. 

---