Early detected tumor

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... 

An early account194 describes an attempt to use 64Cu complexes of haematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, uroporphyrin, and coproporphyrin to detect tumors preferential localization in tumors was not observed. It needs to be recognized that metalation can change solution... 

Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most rapidly fatal malignancies. The highest benefit will come from studies to detect early disease. Even in patients with localized pancreatic carcinoma, the curative resection rate is much less than desired and curatively resected tumors do not often result in prolonged survival of patients. A great deal of work is necessary. It would also be important to further understand molecular biology of this disease to facilitate early detection and potentially for developing more effective treatments. 

J. Leyton, J.R. Latigo, M. Perumal, H. Dhaliwal, Q. He, E.O. Aboagye, Early detection of tumor response to chemotherapy by 3 -deoxy-3 -[ F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography The effect of cisplatin on a fibrosarcoma tumor model in vivo. Cancer Res. 65(10) (2005) 4202-4210. 

Apart from academic organizations, the NCI (National Cancer Institute) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) have initiated a collaboration to focus on using proteomic technologies to develop more targeted treatments and more reliable diagnostic kits for early detection of cancer. In mid-2001, researchers analyzed a series of tumor cells from different patients and came up with a roster of proteins present in cancer cells. These are distinct molecules not found in normal cells. In early 2002, scientists involved in this program reported that it is possible to compare... 

The incidence of liver tumors following the use of androgens and anabolic steroids still cannot be calculated. What is clear is that if these products are used in high doses or over long periods of time (and there is now much doubt about whether they are more than marginally effective in such conditions as osteoporosis and aplastic anemia), techniques such as CT scanning and ultrasonography should be used routinely to ensure early detection of liver lesions. 

Another advantage of immunohistochemistry is that tissues of a small size (e.g., biopsies) can be used. This is important because it is better to detect tumors at an early stage, when they are small. The necessity of early detection cannot be overemphasized. Very small tumors and fine-needle aspirates cannot be used for biochemical assays. Although the DCC assay provides quantitative results, it does not take into account the relative amount of the connective tissue in the specimen, the presence of carcinoma in situ lesions, or normal ducts and lobules. These limitations are not encountered when using paraffin sections. In addition, immunohistochemistry allows the use of archival tissues when fresh tissues are not available. This method does not require any special, expensive equipment and can be carried out in any standard laboratory. 

Various forms of cancer exhibit a broad spectrum of response to antineoplastic medications. Some forms of cancer (choriocarcinoma, Wilms tumor) can be cured in more than 90 percent of affected patients. In other neoplastic disorders, chemotherapy may not cure the disease but may succeed in mediating remission and prolonging survival in a large patient percentage. Of course, other factors such as early detection and the concomitant use of other interventions (surgery, radiation) will greatly influence the success of chemotherapy drugs. 

Because 2D-PAGE and MS patterns can be used to differentiate between healthy and cancer patients, the proteins in these spectra contain tumor markers. If they could be isolated and identified, they would be useful for innumerable purposes, most notably for early detection. If a tumor marker can warn of the presence of disease at an early stage, before the cancer can be visualized using imaging studies, this would increase the chances of treating at a curative stage. 

An ideal tumor marker would be a molecule specific to one type of tumor (100% specificity, i.e. no false positives) and detectable right from the initial stage of the disease (100% sensitivity, i.e. no false negatives). It would be undetectable in healthy subjects, and enable the screening and diagnosis of cancer. The tumor marker level should correlate closely with tumor size, contribute to the initial extension of the profile and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, as well as the early detection of recurrent diseases. 

Brain lesion analysis is also an active area of research. DTI metrics have been found to help differentiate between tumor types and promises to provide a sensitive method for abnormal tissue characterization. Fractional anisotropy has already been found to correlate with the cell density of brain tumors (Beppu et al., 2003 Beppu et al., 2005). The ability of FA to correlate with cell density likely accounts for the sensitivity of FA to tissue typing in brain lesions. Fractional anisotropy has been found to differentiate between low grade and anaplastic astrocytomas, to help differentiate between brain metastasis and high grade gliomas, and there is evidence that FA may help to detect tumor infiltration not visible by conventional MRI (Holmes et al., 2004 Tsuchiya et al., 2005 Goebell et al., 2006). Other DTI metrics have been utilized in brain lesion analysis and the early findings point to the breadth of future possibilities. 

The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, or cancer-causing substances. Early physicians detected tumors in patients more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA. hi 500 b.c., the Greek Hippocrates named crab-shaped tumors cancer (meaning crab). 

Early detection of cancer offers the best chance for cure. The goal is to diagnose cancer when a tumor is still small enough to be completely removed surgically. Unfortunately, most cancers do not produce symptoms until the tumors are either too large to be removed surgically or until cancerous cells have already spread to other tissue (metastasized). 

PSA is one of the most promising tumor markers of this decade. It is one of the few organ-specific tumor markers. Prostate cancer is the leading cancer in older men. When detected early (organ confined), it is potentially curable by radical prostatectomy. Therefore early detection is important. The role of PSA in prostate cancer has been reviewed. ... 

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