Dwarf barley

Despite vast efforts over 20 years, rice remains one of the most salt-sensitive of crops. Efforts have centred on screening the existing germplasm, and the more resistant varieties have proved to be older, traditional (and therefore non-dwarfed) land races. Although some of their resistance has been incorporated into modern varieties, these have not increased in resistance beyond that of their parents, and do not achieve the resistance of barley or wheat (Ponnamperuma, 1984). 

Habili, N., Mclnnes, J.K., and Symons, R.H. (1987) Non-radioactive photobiotin-labelled DNA probes for the routine diagnosis of barley yellow dwarf virus. J. Virol. Meth. 16, 225-237. 

Mclnnes et al., 1987), for the diagnosis of barley yellow dwarf virus (Habili et al., 1987), to assay luteinizing hormone (3 mRNA in individual gonadotropes (Childs et al., 1987), and to perform DNA mapping using a cross-hybridization technique (Chetrit et al., 1989). 

Catherall, P.L. Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the growth and yield of single plants and simulated swards of perennial rye-grass. Ann Appl Biol 1966 57 155-162. 

Higher plants Barley (endosperm) Peas, lettuce Weeds Enzyme stimulation during germination. Stimulation of amylase synthesis. Cell extension growth, especially in dwarf varieties of Pisum sativum. Effects on germination. 

Ho THD, Shih S, Kleinhofs A (1980) Screening for barley mutants with altered hormone sensitivity in their aleurone layers. Plant Physiol 66 153-157 Ho THD, Nolan RC, Shute DE (1981) Characterization of a gibberellin-insensitive dwarf wheat, D 6899 Evidence for a regulatory step common to many diverse responses to gibberellins. Plant Physiol 67 1026-1031... 

It is difficult to relate the effects of GA on division to a direct role of GA in the control of the cell cycle or even to prove that the enhancement of cell division by GA is not an indirect effect arising from enhancement of cell elongation (Jones 1973). GA increases the mitotic index in meristematic cells of the leaf and root of barley and in both cases a simultaneous increase in DNA synthesis occurs (Svarinskaya and Gavrilova 1976). GA may have some selective effect on the cell cycle in the barley root in this case since it reduces the duration of G, G2, and M. GA decreases the cell cycle time in the subapical meristem of dwarf waterm elon seedlings (Liu and Loy 1976) where it decreases time spent in S. The primary effect of GA in apical buds of Rud-... 

Transversely cut apical (embryoless) half-grains of rice respond to GA and produce a-amylase and proteinase water-imbibed controls produce neither enzyme [87, 90]. In embryoless grains of IR8 rice, proteinase production precedes that of the amylase by 2.5 days (cf. barley). The embryos of normal varieties of rice appear to produce sufficient GA to induce the production of hydrolases in the germinated grain, but certain dwarf rice lines have a low endogenous GA level, and hence lower a-amylase and proteinase production [90]. 

Stunted growth. This is seen in severe cases of barley yellow dwarf vims and with some root diseases such as take-all in cereals. 

Barley yellow dwarf Virus virus (BYDV)... 

Transmission of viruses, some animals act as vectors for some important viras diseases. Examples include free-living nematodes transmitting spraing in potatoes, aphids transmitting barley yellow dwarf virus in cereals and mites that transmit ryegrass mozaic viras. 

Time of sowing can be very important for reducing pest problerrrs. Cereal growers in high-risk areas normally drill winter cereals after the rrtiddle of October to reduce aphid attack arrd trarrsfer of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). MairKrop carrots are sown at the end of May or in early Jrme to avoid the first generation of carrot fly. 

Bacillus subtilis phages regulation 8, 1 replication 7, 3 Barley stripe mosaic virus assembly 6, 2 Barley yellow dwarf virus hybrids 6, 4 Biophysical methods use in virus research 17, 1 Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) see Bromovirus group Brome mosaic virus (BMV) see Bromovirus group Bromovirus group amino acid sequences 13, 1 assembly 6, 3 general 11, ... 

McGarth PF, Vincent JR, Lei C-H, et al. 1997. Coat Protein-Mediated Resistance to Isolates of Barley Yellow Dwarf in Oats and Barley. European Journal of Plant Pathology 103 695-710. 

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