Cell elongation

The growth inhibitory mechanism of the thiocarbamate herbicides, eg, EPTC, butylate, cycloate, diaHate, and triaHate, is not well defined. Cell elongation, rather than cell division, appears to be inhibited (183), although mitotic entry may be inhibited by diaHate (184). Thiocarbamates have a greater effect on shoot than toot tissue (163,184). The weU-documented inhibition of Hpid synthesis by thiocarbamates certainly contributes to the observed inhibitions of cell division and elongation. These compounds may also inhibit gibbereUic acid synthesis (185). 

IB 90,000 250 (8) transglycosylase, major transpeptidase of cell elongation essential for cylindrical cell wall synthesis rapid lysis... 

Although most /3- lactam antibiotics bind covalently to some or all of the same six proteins, there are decided differences among them in terms of their relative affinities. For example, cefoxitin (see Table 1 for structures) fails to bind to protein 2 while cephacetrile binds very slowly to proteins 5 and 6. Cephaloridine binds most avidly to protein 1, the transpeptidase, and inhibits cell elongation and causes lysis at its minimum inhibitory concentration. On the other hand, cephalexin binds preferentially to protein 3 and causes inhibition of cell division and filament formation (75PNA2999, 77MI51002). 

Lockhart, J.A. (1965). An analysis of irreversible plant cell elongation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 8, 264—75. 

Meyer, R.F. Boyer, J.S. (1972). Sensitivity of cell division and cell elongation to low water potentials in soybean hypocotyls. Planta, 1 8,77-87. 

Green, P.B., Erickson, R.O. Buggy, J. (1971). Metabolic and physical control cell elongation rate in vivo studies in Nitella. Plant Physiology, 47, 423-30. 

Changes in wall architecture occur during isodiametric cell expansion, cell elongation, and the thickening of a growing wall to its mature thickness, and so it is important to define whether the synthesis and secretion of particular cell-wall molecules correlates with differentiation events or with general cell expansion. Ceils are stimulated into producing wall polysaccharides upon subculture, so we used a non-inductive medium, in which the cells only expand, for comparison with inductive medium at all times. 

SZEKERES, M., NEMETH, K KONCZ-KALMAN, Z., MATHUR, J KAUSCHMANN, A., ALTMANN, T., REDEI, G.P., NAGY, F., SCHELL, J., KONCZ, C., Brassinosteroids rescue the deficiency of CYP90, a cytochrome P450, controlling cell elongation and de-etiolation in Arabidopsis, Cell, 1996, 85, 171-182. 

In eukaryotic cells, elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) used in translocation is inactivated through ADP-ribosylation by Pseudomonas and Diphtheria toxins. 

Plants also require hormones to trigger their growth patterns. One of these is indole-3-acetic acid, which controls cell elongation and is produced in the growing shoot tips. 

Flavonoids are not always essential signal molecules in mycorrhizal symbioses, however various other phenolic acids can elicit similar effects. " Compounds that actively promote the growth of AMF (i.e., kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin) " are also required for pollen germination and growth of the germ tube. " " Thus, these compounds may have some general effect on cell elongation.It has been concluded that flavonoids stimulate, but are not essential for mycorrhiza formation. 

The N-arylalanine ester herbicides such as benzoylprop-ethyl and flam-prop-methyl and difenzoquat (Figure 2.26) prevent cell elongation in certain grass weeds, allowing the crop to overtop them. The weeds are thus outcompeted and die. The exact mode of action is not certain but it is proposed that these compounds interfere with the site of action of the auxins. 

Additional information <44> (<44> transgenic plants bearing gene for enzyme antisense RNA, inhibition of cell elongation process [35]) [35]... 

The third stage of protein synthesis is elongation. Again, our initial focus is on bacterial cells. Elongation requires (1) the initiation complex described above, (2) aminoacyl-tRNAs, (3) a set of three soluble cytosolic proteins called elongation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G in bacteria), and (4) GTP. Cells use three steps to add each amino acid residue, and the steps are repeated as many times as there are residues to be added. 

Two processes are involved in plant growth, namely, cell division and cell elongation. The former process takes place only in specialized tissue, the meristematic regions, characteristically found at root and stem tips and in the buds that form leaves and flowers. Grasses, on the other hand, have a meristematic region between the leaves and the roots. During... 

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