During manufacture pesticide

Phosgene, COCl2(g), is an extremely toxic gas. It was used during World War I. Today it is used to manufacture pesticides, pharmaceuti cals, dyes, and polymers. It is prepared by mixing carbon monoxide and chlorine gas. 

During World War II, the USA and Canada resinned the study of ricin, now given the military symbol Whiskey (W), for use in cluster bombs (Audi et al, 2005). Although different bomb concepts were produced, the end conclusion was that it was no more economical than using phosgene, a highly toxic colorless gas used to manufacture pesticides. 

Exposure to pesticides may occur in a variety of different ways including worker exposure during manufacture, during transport, and exposure to residues in edible crops, soil and water. Adverse effects on man may result from the compound itself, its mammalian metabolites, plant and soil metabolites or, possibly, from breakdown products in the environment. Pesticides are often dispersed widely in the environment as stable materials, such as DDT, which may remain as virtually permanent contaminants, though at detectable concentrations. This, together with the fact that pesticides are highly biologically-active molecules, requires a fine balance to be set between the benefits of pesticides and their possible hazard to man or the environment. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation (incinerator emissions) absorption through skin and eyes ingestion (contaminated food and drinking water) occupational exposure during manufacture and use of pesticides. 

OTHER COMMENTS used during manufacture of electrical insulation materials, as a component of resins or polymers for coating or impregnating textiles, wood, and paper to impart water proofhess, and as an additive for cutting oils and lubricants, formerly used a pesticide. 

Dermal exposure to methyl parathion is not likely to be a health concern to the general population, with the possible exception of individuals in the immediate vicinity of a field during application of the pesticide. Dermal exposure, however, is a major source of exposure for workers directly involved in the manufacture, application, and cleanup of the chemical, and for field workers. Laundry workers cleaning the clothing of such workers may also be exposed. 

Symptoms of endosulfan poisoning have been seen in some people who were exposed to very large amounts of this pesticide during its manufacture. Symptoms of endosulfan poisoning have also been seen in people who intentionally or accidentally ate or drank large amounts of endosulfan. Most of these people experienced convulsions or other nervous system effects. 

To assess the well construction materials compatibility versus the subsurface environment and the pesticide of interest, manufacturers can provide data about the various well construction materials or samples can be acquired for laboratory analysis. Also, QC samples of each material can be collected during installation and preserved for laboratory analysis for potential sample bias, if necessary. In addition to well construction materials, the potable water used to clean drilling equipment and to prepare the grout and hydrate bentonite should also be collected for laboratory analysis (see Section 3.2.6). 

Among the first dermal dosimeters used in exposure research were 4 x 4-in cellulose or gauze patches which were pinned to the outer and inner surfaces of clothing or vests which farm workers would wear during the application or re-entry phase of the smdy. These patches were easy to manufacture and when pinned to the shirt or pants of the worker made for an easily used dosimeter pad. The major advantage to the use of the patch to estimate worker exposure was this method s ability to differentiate the relative contributions of pesticide residues to different parts of the worker s body. This sampling technique in turn could lead to recommendations (i.e., the use of... 

All of these animals during their lifetime will receive or be treated with at least one of the following type C medicated articles (feed additives), biologies (vaccines, bacterins), growth stimulants, pharmaceuticals, or pesticides. These products are developed and manufactured by a multitude of pharmaceutical (human... 

The study of the accidents in chemical facilities, during transportation, storage and others, the research of the chemical products, which are produced and stored, are important points in the preparation of the defence against chemical terrorism. An example of such an accident is the explosion at the Union Carbide pesticide manufacturing plant (Dec. 3, 1984), which scattered toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) over the city of Bhopal, India. During the first few days up to 4000 people died of painful, harrowing deaths [10],... 

As described in Chapter 4, pesticide and fertilizer manufacturing is largely an outgrowth of mihtary technology developed during World War II. Discoveries in this field showed that pesticide production could be cost-effective, and... 

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