Documentation, instrumentation

Ethnographic design studies How humans currently perform tasks How humans relate to technology in real-world settings Real-world contexts Task performers Documentation instruments (e.g., video recorder) All... 

After the team has been assembled and the terms of reference generated, the first step in the formal investigation process itself is to collect information about what happened. The information will generally come from interviews, documents, instrument records, and field observations. At this stage of the investigation, it is especially important not to jump to conclusions but to let the facts speak for themselves. The focus must be on gathering data— mostly from interviews, site inspections, and the examination of instrument records. 

EOP support The supporting documentation (drawings, charts, flow diagrams, etc.) should be available in locations where the EOPs are used and the ergonomics of the supporting documentation, instrumentation and displays needed for entry information, etc. (colour coding, quality and completeness of information) should be adequate ... 

The series is the long-awaited revision of the two-volume Le petrole. Raff inage et Genie Chimique" that was first published in 1965 under the direction of Pierre Wuithier. Revision of the original work, which was a highly successful publication, had been under consideration for several years. Jacqueline Funck, then Director of Information and Documentation at the Institut Frangais du Petrole, was instrumental in this endeavor. 

Having set up the ultrasonic instrument (according to test specifications), the inspector scans the weld volume. Any indications subject to recording are interpreted and documented in a handwritten on-site report. The test report only describes the indications detected by the inspector, but not the completeness of the lest in the sense of a documented 100% volume testing as is the case with X-ray testing. 

Documentation of area scanned, top view, side view and all calibration data of ultrasonic instrument and system (comes in a standard 3 page report form)... 

The ultrasonic instrument will be set up according to the test specification in the common way. Connection of the instrument to the ISONIC extends the flaw detector performance instrument to a reliable ultrasonic testing system which provides full documentation of the scan. 

The curve is defined by the Amplitude/Distance pairs P,(Aj,S ), documented in a corresponding DAC table and stored in the instrument s memory. 

We are confident that any user of this combined evaluation technique, as well as the development of future test standards for manual ultrasonic testing will benefit from this result, because it allows a greater flexibility in the applicable method without loosing reliability. Often an expensive production of a reference block can be avoided and therefore testing costs are reduced. Since all calculations are performed by a PC, the operator can fully concentrate on his most important duty scanning the workpiece and observing the A-scan. Additional time will be saved for the test documentation, since all testing results are stored in the instrument s memory (the PC s hard drive) with full link to the Software World (Microsoft Word, Excel, etc.). 

False documents and securities detection Ultrasonic, infrared, optical. X-ray instruments... 

An excellent source of reference on the topic of Batch Control systems is the Instrument Society of America s (ISA s) Batch Control Systems Standards SPSS document (ISA SPSS). 

Verify suitability of instrumentation to new service make sure original specifications are documented... 

When a test run is performed using the actual materials for the toll, it is a prime opportunity for the toller and the client to document the capability of the equipment, instrumentation, and process steps. During such a test, frequency of sampling may be increased, additional analyses performed and yield capabilities checked to find the optimum setpoints and timing for the toll process. Health, safety and environmental staff may choose to provide close coverage of the test run to evaluate areas for improvement during the actual startup and long term operation. 

Full documented formal test runs at design and normal conditions. All instruments need to be calibrated for the runs and the documentation should include more than just the primary process variables of temperature, pressure, flow, and composition... 

Traditionally, the first instrument that would come to mind for small scale materials characterization would be the optical microscope. The optical microscope offered the scientist a first look at most samples and could be used to routinely document the progress of an investigation. As the sophistication of investigations increased, the optical microscope often has been replaced by instrumentation having superior spatial resolution or depth of focus. However, its use has continued because of the ubiquitous availability of the tool. 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

Documents such as job descriptions, operating manuals, emergency procedures, accident, and "near-accident" records, can be useful sources of information about the task to be studied. Pipework and instrumentation diagrams can also be used to gain an insight into the complexity of the process, the type of control loops installed, and the process parameters to be manually controlled by the workers. 

Inspection tolerance can be divided into two major components the accuracy variability of the instruction and the repeatability of the measuring method. The calibration and accuracy of the instrument are documented and certified by its manufacturer, and it is periodically checked. Understanding the overall inspection process is extremely useful in selecting the proper method for measuring a specific dimension. When all the inspection methods available provide an acceptable level of accuracy, the most economical method should be used. 

Bacharach. Combustion and Environmental Measurement Instruments. Technical documents and promotional literature. Bacharach, Inc., USA, 1998. 

Temperatures on ITS-90, as on earlier scales, are defined in terms of fixed points, interpolating instruments, and equations that relate the measured property of the instrument to temperature. The report on ITS-90 of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry is published in Metrologia and in the Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology The description that follows is extracted from those publications.3 Two additional documents by CCT further describe ITS-90 Supplementary Information for the ITS-90, and Techniques for Approximating the ITS-90.4... 

A measurement technique such as titration is employed that provides a single result that, on repetition, scatters somewhat around the expected value. If the difference between expected and observed value is so large that a deviation must be suspected, and no other evidence such as gross operator error or instrument malfunction is available to reject this notion, a statistical test is applied. (Note under GMP, a deviant result may be rejected if and when there is sufficient documented evidence of such an error.)... 

The complex situation The analysis involves some instruments (e.g., dissolution apparatus, HPLC, balance), dozens of samples, and several analysts, and could take days to perform. If nobody notices anything particular about the individual snippets of work or any of the results, no observations of probable operator error are documented. When the supervisor then inserts number after unspectacular number into the formula, all results turn out to be within specification limits, with the exception of one or two that are barely outside. But, no documentation, no operator error, just inexplicable OOS, full investigation ... 

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