Diversity defined

The goal of HTS should be to identify the broadest diversity of lead molecules, with diversity defined in terms of both chemical structure and inhibition modality. 

Least diverse colleges (0-9% minority) Diversity defined as Most diverse colleges (25% + minority) half or less being White... 

Part 3 of the Radioscopic Standard is to define the minimum requirements that are placed on a radioscopic system to cover diverse applications. For the past few years, this part has been heavily disputed, the reason being an extreme flexibility in the application of radioscopic inspection systems. A definition of general rules for applications has thus been difficult to achieve. 

The solubilization of diverse solutes in micelles is most often examined in tenns of partitioning equilibria, where an equilibrium constant K defines the ratio of the mole fraction of solute in the micelle (X and the mole fraction of solute in the aqueous pseudophase. This ratio serves to define the free energy of solubilization -RT In K). 

The ciphered code is indicated with a defined length, i.e., a fixed hit/byte length. A hash code of 32 bits could have 2 (or 4 294 976 296) possible values, whereas one of 64 bits could have 2 values, However, due to tbe fixed length, several diverse data entries could assign the same hash code ( address collision ), The probability of collision rises if the number of input data is increased in relation to the range of values (bit length). In fact, the limits of hash coding are reached with about 10 000 compounds with 32 bits and over 100 million with 64 bits, to avoid collisions in databases [97. ... 

This rarity value is equated with the fraction of hits that would be returned by searching large database of diverse molecules with the full pharmacophore (all K features) or thi subset (with K—1 features) as appropriate. Labelling this fraction of hits as p(x) we nov define q x) as the fraction of the M active molecules (i.e. the molecules originally suppliet as input to the procedure) which match each of the K + possible classes. The overal configuration is scored using ... 

A major potential drawback with cluster analysis and dissimilarity-based methods f selecting diverse compounds is that there is no easy way to quantify how completel one has filled the available chemical space or to identify whether there are any hole This is a key advantage of the partition-based approaches (also known, as cell-bas( methods). A number of axes are defined, each corresponding to a descriptor or son combination of descriptors. Each axis is divided into a number of bins. If there are axes and each is divided into b bins then the number of cells in the multidimension space so created is ... 

In 1971, levamisole, an anthelmintic compound widely used in catde and swine, was shown to improve the effects of an experimental Brucella abortus vaccine in mice. Since that time, the veterinarians and physicians have explored the effects of levamisole in such diverse areas as arthritis, lupus erythematosis, cancer therapy, respiratory diseases, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, mastitis, and vaccine potentiation. Although the exact mechanism of action has as yet not been deterrnined there is substantial evidence that, under defined circumstances, levamisole can augment the animal s natural immune response (9). New immunostimulants include Staph Ijysate acemannon, NLAB-31. 

Secondary Timber Products. Secondary timber products are products manufactured from primary timber products. Secondary products can be sold directly to the final consumer or can requite additional processing before reaching the final consumer. The wide diversity of products manufactured from primary timber products makes it difficult to precisely define secondary products. Lumber, for example, is clearly a secondary product because it is manufactured from roundwood and typically requites further processing before reaching its final use. Wooden furniture is considered a final product, not a secondary product because it is made from lumber or other secondary timber products. In general, products made from secondary timber products were not included in this analysis. 

Resistance to Tetracyclines. The tetracyclines stiU provide inexpensive and effective treatment for several microbial infections, but the emergence of acquired resistance to this class of antibiotic has limited their clinical usehilness. Studies to define the molecular basis of resistance are underway so that derivatives having improved antibacterial spectra and less susceptibiUty to bacterial resistance may be developed. Tetracyclines are antibiotics of choice for relatively few human infections encountered in daily clinical practice (104), largely as a result of the emergence of acquired tetracycline-resistance among clinically important bacteria (88,105,106). Acquired resistance occurs when resistant strains emerge from previously sensitive bacterial populations by acquisition of resistance genes which usually reside in plasmids and/or transposons (88,106,107). Furthermore, resistance deterrninants contained in transposons spread to, and become estabUshed in, diverse bacterial species (106). 

Female sexual development and behaviour in mammals occurs by default and requires no ovarian secretion, and it is only in genetic males that the testis can secrete hormones which destroy this female pattern and superimpose that of the male. Sexual differentiation is not so well defined in fish, and larval exposure to both synthetic estrogens and androgens is widely used in aquaculture to produce monosex cultures. Endocrine disruption of sexual differentiation in fish may therefore reflect both the complexity and diversity of such processes between different species. Some care is required in use of the terms hermaphrodite and sex-reversal since a true hermaphrodite has both functional testes and ovaries and a sex-reversed fish is fully functional as its final sex—both produce the appropriate viable gametes. Such functional sex-reversal is not possible in mammals, but in some species of fish it is the normal developmental pattern. In most of the cases of hermaphroditism or sex-reversal reported in the non-scientific press, there is evidence only for a few ovarian follicles within a functional testis. This may be considered as feminisation or a form of intersex, and is very clearly endocrine disruption, but it is certainly neither sex-reversal nor hermaphroditism. In some cases the terms have even been used to infer induction of a single female characteristic such as production of yolk-protein by males. 

By virtue of its division into six sections, this text may be used in several ways. Part I, by itself, provides the material for a short course to introduce a diverse group of students to the subject—with the other five parts serving as a built-in reference book. Parts I, II, and II, which define the problem, can provide the basis for a semester s work, while Parts IV, V, and VI, which resolve the problem, provide the material for a second semester s work. Part IV may well be used separately as the basis for a course on the meteorology of air pollution, and the book as a whole may be used for an intensive one-semester course. 

Electro-osmosis has been defined in the literature in many indirect ways, but the simplest definition comes from the Oxford English Dictionary, which defines it as the effect of an external electric held on a system undergoing osmosis or reverse osmosis. Electro-osmosis is not a well-understood phenomenon, and this especially apphes to polar non-ionic solutions. Recent hterature and many standard text and reference books present a rather confused picture, and some imply directly or indirectly that it cannot take place in uniform electric fields [31-35]. This assumption is perhaps based on the fact that the interaction of an external electric held on a polar molecule can produce only a net torque, but no net force. This therefore appears to be an ideal problem for molecular simulation to address, and we will describe here how molecular simulation has helped to understand this phenomenon [26]. Electro-osmosis has many important applications in both the hfe and physical sciences, including processes as diverse as water desahnation, soil purification, and drug delivery. 

The diversity of catalyst chemistry and of process type makes it impossible to generalize as to what constitues a better catalyst, except to say that it is one which leads to products that are cheaper or better, or both. In many cases this is likely to be a result of greater selectivity rather than activity, but in single pathway reactions activity, and also the pattern of its change with time, becomes all important. The better catalyst can only therefore be defined in terms of the detailed context of the process for which an improvement is sought. 

AKAPs are a diverse family of about 75 scaffolding proteins. They are defined by the presence of a structurally conserved protein kinase A (PKA)-binding domain. AKAPs tether PKA and other signalling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby limit and integrate cellular signalling processes at specific sites. This compartmentalization of signalling by AKAPs contributes to the specificity of a cellular response to a given external stimulus (e.g. a particular hormone or neurotransmitter). 

The challenge in the synthesis of chemical libraries is the vast number of different, potentially drug-like small molecules which is estimated to be as high as 1060. As all of these molecules can never be synthesized and tested, it is essential to define criteria for the composition of libraries spanning the biologically relevant areas of the chemical space most efficiently. An important criterion of a compound library is its chemical diversity, a term describing the similarity or dissimilarity of all library components. Thus, chemical diversity expresses how well a library represents all theoretical possibilities within the chemical property space. A library with low... 

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