Distribution and Kinetics

A major fraction of plasma nickel is present in nickeloplasmin, which is a nickel-containing aj-macroglobulin (Nomoto etal. 1971, Nomoto and Sunderman 1988). The nickel content of nickeloplasmin is not readily exchangeable with exogenous Ni, and nickeloplasmin seems to be uninvolved in 

In the cytosol of kidney, lung, and liver from Np -treated rodents, Ni is bound to several macromolecular and low-molecular weight constituents (Abdulwajid and Sarkar 1983, Herlant-Peers et al. 1983, Nakamuro and Sayato 1989, Oskarsson and Tjalve 1979b, Sunderman et al. 1981, 1983a, Templeton and Sarkar 1985, 1986). 

Of particular interest is neuromedin C, a bombesin-like neuropeptide that avidly binds Cu and Ni (Harford and Sarkar 1995). 

Onkelinx et al. (1973) analyzed the kinetics of Ni(II) in rats and rabbits by use of a two-compartment mathematical model. These authors generated computer-fitted curves to depict the distribution of Ni(II) in extracellular and tissue spaces, as well as the excretory clearances of Ni in urine and feces. This model was consistent with the observed distribution of nickel in tissues of nickel-treated rats and rabbits in various experiments, as summarized by Sunderman (1986b). In rabbits killed 2 h after an intravenous injection of Ni(II), the relative uptake of Ni in various tissues was ranked as follows kidney pituitary skin lung 

Investigations of Ni(CO)4 metabolism in rodents have shown that a fraction of inhaled or injected Ni(CO)4 is excreted in the exhaled breath within 3 h of exposure, and the remainder undergoes intracellular oxidation of Ni to Ni , with release of CO that becomes bound to hemoglobin. During 48 h after exposure, the CO is exhaled and the residual Ni is mostly excreted in the urine (Kasprzak and Sunderman 1969, Oskarsson and Tjalve 1979a, Sunderman and Selin 1968, Sunderman etal. 1968). 

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Mas A, Peligero MJ, Arola L, et al. 1986. Distribution and kinetics of injected nickel in the pregnant rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 13 91-96. 

G. Coates, R. Chirakal, E.L. Fallen, G. Firnau, E.S. Garnett, M.V. Kamath, A. Scheffel, C. Nahmias, Regional distribution and kinetics of [ F]6-flurodopamine as a measure of cardiac sympathetic activity in humans. Heart 75 (1996) 29-34. 

Seltzer WK, McCabe ER (1984) Subcellular distribution and kinetic properties of soluble and particulate-associated bovine adrenal glycerol kinase. Mol Cell Biochem 64 51-61... 

Bromonium ion is generated by reactions of both erythro (38) and threo 2-bromo-1,2-diphenylethane with hydrogen bromide95 (in 1,2-dichloroethane and in chloroform) as illustrated by Scheme 15. Stilbene (39) and the 1,2-dibromo derivative are the main reaction products. Product distribution and kinetic investigations on the bromination of stilbenes clearly confirm the reversibility of the bromonium/bromide formation in bromination of olefins, through an olefin/bromine CT complex. 

Wang, A., et al. 1999. A specific human lysophospholipase cDNA cloning, tissue distribution and kinetic characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1437 157. 

Weber LWD, Zesch A, Rozman K. 1991d. Penetration, distribution and kinetics of... 

The availability of sophisticated analytical methods to separate and quantify capsaicinoids, has made it possible to study their distribution and kinetics of formation. Capsaicinoids are unevenly distributed in pepper plants and fruits. 

Results from this laboratory for steam pyrolysis of isobutene were reported earlier (I), and this chapter describes the pyrolysis of the three normal butene isomers 1-butene, m-2-butene, and trans-2-butene. Reaction schemes are derived from the product distributions, and kinetic parameters are established. 

Zaw, K., Henry, P. M. Oxidation of olefins by palladium(ll). 12. Product distributions and kinetics of the oxidation of 3-buten-2-ol and 2-buten-1-ol by tetrachloropalladate (PdCU-) in aqueous solution. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55,1842-1847. 

Berridge MS, Lee Z, Heald DL. Regional distribution and kinetics of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 2000 6(16) 1631-1651. 

Chu DCM, Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB. 1990. Distribution and kinetics of GABAB binding sites in rat central nervous system A quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 34 341-357. 

Gegelashvili G, Schousboe A (1998) Cellular distribution and kinetic properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters. Brain Res Bull 45 233-238. 

Bette M, Schafer MK, van Rooijen N, Weihe E, Fleischer B Distribution and kinetics of superantigen-induced cytokine gene expression in mouse spleen. JExp Med 1993 178 1531-1539. 

Nonetheless, the probability of the hop from potential energy surfaces is not 1. As a consequence, different product distribution and kinetic isotopic effects can also be observed. When very strong spin-orbit coupling between the different states is involved, the reaction behaves like any other, that is, on a single adiabatic potential energy hypersurface whose spin character varies smoothly from reactants to products. 

Synthesis of 199Au- and 35S-labelled myocrisin (GST, 84) and auranofin (AF, 85) and their distribution and kinetic studies in rats... 

SoREMARK R (1960b) Distribution and kinetics of bromide ions in the mammalian body. Acta Radiol 190 (SuppL) 1-105. 

Figure 4.8 Information feedback diagram illustrating the interaction between size distribution and kinetics resulting from the constraint of the mass balance.

A. Casas, H. Fukuda, A.M. Batlle (1999). Tissue distribution and kinetics of endogenous porphyrins synthesized after topical application of ALA in different vehicles. Br. J. Cancer, 81(1), 13-28. 

Sapolsky, R. M. (2001). Cellular defenses against excitotoxic insults. J. Neurochem. 76, 1601-1611. Gegelashvili, G. and Schousboe, A. (1998). Cellular distribution and kinetic properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters. Brain Res. Bull. 45, 233-238. 

The other continuous reactor processes listed earlier will, in terms of mixing, residence time distributions and kinetic models, fall between the PFT and the ideal CSTR. The PFT, as mentioned earlier, is an ideal reactor that should be... 

Window of Reactivity (Lability). The relationship between tissue distribution and kinetic reactivity of the chloroammlne-platinum(II) complexes gives credence to the "Concept of the Window of Reactivity." Although Ideally applied to isostructural complexes of the same net charge, this concept is of sufficient generality to be applicable to this series of complexes. Accord-... 

Malaguamera M, Pistone G, Elvira R, Leotta C, ScarpeUo L, Liborio R. Effects of 1-camitine in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. World J. Gastroenterol. 77(45), 7197-7202, 2(X)5 Mans AM, Kukulka KM, McAvoy KJ, Rokosz NC. Regional distribution and kinetics of three sites on the GABA receptor Lack of effect of portacaval shunting. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab 12, 334-346, 1992... 

Defining the context of use for novel biomarkers in man represents an important area of collaborative research interest. Understanding reference ranges for novel DILI biomarkers in preclinical species and their evaluation in diverse healthy human populations and liver disease cohorts is an important area of investigation and question to address. Further areas of research focus should also be targeted toward the generation of robust cross species bioanalytical assays that are standardized or point-of-care tests in parallel with a comprehensive understanding of cross species differences in biomaiker expression, mechanisms of release, and clearance, distribution, and kinetics. 

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