Distillation burner

TABLE VI. - Range of properties of distillate burner fuels produced in the United States during 1974... 

For other physical properties, the specification differences between diesel fuel and home-heating oil are minimal. Note only that there is no minimum distillation end point for heating oil, undoubtedly because tbe problem of particulate emissions is much less critical in domestic burners than in an engine. 

The material to be steam-distilled (mixed with some water if a solid compound, but not otherwise) is placed in C, and a vigorous current of steam blown in from D. The mixture in C is thus rapidly heated, and the vapour of the organic compound mixed with steam passes over and is condensed in E. For distillations on a small scale it is not necessary to heat C if, however, the flask C contains a large volume of material or material which requires prolonged distillation, it should be heated by a Bunsen burner, otherwise the steady condensation of steam in C will produce too great a volume of liquid. 

A skilled worker can use a micro-Bunsen burner for most types of heating. Nevertheless, as there is a tendency for a liquid to shoot out of a small test tube when heated, it is preferable to place the tube in a hot water-bath or in a metal heating block. A small glycerol bath is suitable for distillations and heating under reflux, the glycerol being subsequently easily removed from flasks, etc., by washing with water. 

During this process some water will have condensed in the steam-trap D and also in the distillation bulb F. If at the end of the steaming-out process, the Bunsen burner is removed from the generator A, the pressure in A will be reduced owing to steam condensation, and the liquid in F will be sucked back into D provided that the benL-over tube is carefully adjusted, the bulb F may be almost completely emptied of liquid as desired. Finally the condensed water in the steam-trap D may be run out by op ing the tap Tj. 

The steam-distillation is continued for 5 minutes after steam can first be seen entering the condenser the ideal rate of distillation is about 4 -5 ml. of distillate per minute, but this is not critical and may be varied within reasonable limits. The receiver J is then lowered from the lip K of the condenser and the steam-distillation continued for a further two minutes, thus ensuring that no traces of liquid containing ammonia are left on the inside of the condenser. At the end of this time any liquid on the lip K is rinsed with distilled water into J, which is then ready for titration. It is important that the receiver and its contents are kept cold during the distillation and it is advisable to interpose a piece of asbestos board or other screen so that it is not exposed to the heat from the burner under the steam generator. 

Sometimes an air bubble enters the tube E and prevents the regular flow of liquid from B the air bubble is easily removed by shaking the rubber tube. The flask A is heated (e.g., by a ring burner) so that distillation proceeds at a rapid rate the process is a continuous one. If the liquid to be steam distilled is lighter than water, the receiver must be modified so that the aqueous liquors are drawn off from the bottom (see Continvmia Extraction of Liquids, Section H, 44). 

The exacting Hst of specification requirements for aviation gas turbine fuels and the constraints imposed by deUvering clean fuel safely from refinery to aircraft are the factors that affect the economics. Compared with other distillates such as diesel and burner fuels, kerosene jet fuels are narrow-cut specialized products, and usually command a premium price over other distillates. The prices charged for jet fuels tend to escalate with the basic price of cmde, a factor which seriously underrnined airline profits during the Persian Gulf war as cmde prices increased sharply. 

Fuel specifications from different sources may differ in test limits on sulfur, density, etc., but the same general categories are recognized worldwide kerosene-type vaporizing fuel, distillate (or gas ou ) for atomizing burners, and more viscous blends and residuals for commerce and heavy industry. Typical specifications are as follows. 

CTF 50 and 400 indicate approximate preheat temperature, F, for atomization of fuel in burners (terminology used in British Standard B.S. 1469). Properties depend on distillation range, as shown, and to a lesser extent on coal source. 

The contents of the flask while still hot are poured into a 30-cm. evaporating dish and the alcohol is evaporated on a steam bath. The dry salt is pulverized and thoroughly mixed with 390 g. of calcium oxide, placed in a 2-I. copper retort (Note 3), and heated with the full flame of a Meker burner. The distillate is placed in a distilling flask and heated on a steam bath all material distilling under 90 is removed and discarded. The residue is then allowed to stand over solid potassium hydroxide for twelve hours and is finally fractionated. The dimethyl-pyridine distils at i42-i44°/743 mm. The yield is 35-36 g. or 62-64 per cent of the theoretical amount based on the 3,5-dicarb-ethoxy-2,6-dimethylpyridine, or 30-36 per cent based on the original ethyl acetoacetate. 

The vapour density of fieshly distilled aniline, b.p. 182 , may iDe determined, the temperatme of the air-bath being adjusted to about 240°. The adjustment is made by raising or loivermg the flame, or by altering the position of the movable ring burner. 

Brenner, m. burner torch distiller brick-maker lime burner,... 

Spiritus, m. spirit, spirits, specif, alcohol, spiritusartig, a. spirituous, alcoholic. Splritus-beize, /. spirit mordant spirit stain, -blau, n. spirit blue, -brenner, m. (spirit) distiller alcohol burner, -brennerei, /. distillery, -dampf, m. alcohol vapor, -fa-bfik, /. spirit manufactory, distillery, -fass, n. spirit cask or barrel, -geruch, m. odor of spirits. -Industrie, /. spirit industry, distilling industry, -lack, m. spirit varnish, -lampe, /. spirit lamp, spiritusldslich, a. spirit-soluble. 

Residual fuel oil is generally known as the bottom product from atmospheric distillation units. Fuel oils produced from cracking units are unstable. When used as fuels, they produce smoke and deposits that may block the burner orifices. 

The NO t constituent in the exhaust of machines firing natural gas is some 150 to 160 ppm, and for distillate fuels typically 260 ppm. In order to reduce these levels to the targets quoted above, catalytic filters can be used, but the systems currently available are expensive. As an alternative, certain manufacturers are developing low-NO burners but these limit the user to natural gas firing. 

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