Reasonable Limits

The steam-distillation is continued for 5 minutes after steam can first be seen entering the condenser the ideal rate of distillation is about 4 -5 ml. of distillate per minute, but this is not critical and may be varied within reasonable limits. The receiver J is then lowered from the lip K of the condenser and the steam-distillation continued for a further two minutes, thus ensuring that no traces of liquid containing ammonia are left on the inside of the condenser. At the end of this time any liquid on the lip K is rinsed with distilled water into J, which is then ready for titration. It is important that the receiver and its contents are kept cold during the distillation and it is advisable to interpose a piece of asbestos board or other screen so that it is not exposed to the heat from the burner under the steam generator. 

There are large-scale operations using direct-heat resistance furnaces. These are mainly in melting bulk materials where the Hquid material serves as a uniform resistor. The material is contained in a cmcible of fixed dimensions which, coupled with a given resistivity of the material, fixes the total resistance within reasonable limits. The most common appHcation for this type of direct-heat electric resistance furnace is the melting of glass (qv) and arc furnaces for the melting of steel (qv). 

Table 21-5 indicates screw-conveyor performance on the basis of material classifications as listed in Table 21-4 and defined in Table 21-3. Table 21-6 gives a wide range of capacities and power requirements for various sizes of screws handling 801 kg/m (50 lb/ fU) of material of average conveyabihty. Within reasonable limits, values from Tables 21-5 and 21-6 can be interpolated for preliminary estimates and designs. 

With the proper idlers select ed for size and service conditions, the most important step is to locate them properly. For long belts the tension varies considerably, and idlers should be spaced to hold belt sag to reasonable limits along the full length of travel. Too much belt sag can cause a significant power loss, but for most belts of ordinary length it is usu ly satisfactoiy to space idlers fairly closely at the feed... 

The IPB system must therefore be designed so that it allows only a moderate field in the space. The field should be incapable of heating structures in the vicinity beyond a reasonable limit, or cause step and touch voltages. These voltages are undesirable and may become dangerous to a human coming into contact with them. 

All data should be checked for validity and to determine if they are within reasonable limits. Data that are beyond predetermined limits should be discarded and flagged for investigation. An unreasonable result or analysis should set up a routine for identification of possible discrepant input data. 

If the rotational velocity change is within reasonable limits and chauical efficiency does not change, Eqs. (9.74), (9.112) and (9.115) shaft power relation as... 

The response factors are characteristic for the layer buildup of the selected wall and are calculated before (by a preprocessor program) or at the beginning ol the simulation. Numerical reasons limit the time step to approximately 10 to 60 min, depending on the thickness and material properties of the wall layers. The method allows the calculation of surface temperatures and heat fluxes bur not the determination of the temperature distribution within the wall. Due to the precalculation of these response factors, the computer time for the simulation might be significantly reduced. 

Tube-side water velocities should be kept within reasonable limits, even though calculations would indicate that improved tube-side film coefficients can be obtained if the water velocity is increased. Table 10-24 suggests guidelines that recognize the possible effects of erosion and corrosion on the system. 

The minimum recommended saturated suction temperature on series multistage reciprocating-centrifugal applications, column (K), represents an approximate reasonable limit on suction temperature. The temperatures shown correspond to suction pressures below atmospheric. 

Polytropic Efficiency. This is the ratio of theoretical polytropic horsepower to actual brake horsepower at the compressor shaft. The polytropic efficiency does not include packing, bearing, or other losses. This efficiency is a measure of the hydraulic perfection of the compressor, and the value remains the same for any gas and for any speed (within reasonable limits). For an uncooled compressor, the polytropic, hydraulic, and temperature rise efficiencies are the same. ... 

Another compelling reason to limit segment size is the cost of transportation beyond 2.3-m flat-to-flat segment size, transport in standard 40 ft containers is excluded and transport costs increase beyond reasonable limits. 

Within reasonable limits, these numbers are not crucially dependent on the d>exponents used(0.4>0.6). One can therefore estimate that the inclusion of d Orbitals in BF would decrease the heat of formation by about 120 kcal/mol. 

Fine chemicals are products of high and well-defined purity, which are manufactured in relatively small amounts and sold at relatively high price. Although a question of taste, reasonable limits would be lOkton/year and 10/kg (Stinson, 1998, Section 2.1 of this book). Fine chemicals can be divided in two basic groups those that are used as intermediates for other products, and those that by their nature have a specific activity and are used based on their performance characteristics. Performance chemicals are used as active ingredients or additives in formulations, and as aids in processing. 

The purpose with the Aquifer Storage is to deliver basic free cooling to the DC system at a temperature level below +6-8 °C. This is achieved by storage of evaporator cold at +4.5 °C and cold from the seawater at temperatures below +4 °C. The warm side of the system works with temperatures between +13 -and 15 °C. The maximum flow rate is for legal reasons limited to 32.51/s (117 m3/h). 

The concentration of lyonium or lyate ions cannot be increased arbitrarily. A reasonable limit for a dilute solution can be considered to be a molality of about 1 mol kg-1 (e.g. in water, one mole of solute per 55 moles of water). When the ratio is greater than 1 55, it is difficult from a thermodynamic point of view to consider the system as a solution, but it should rather be viewed as a mixture. This situation becomes increasingly... 

Finally, the relative contaminant mass load on the two treatment processes can usually be varied within reasonable limits. As load is shifted from TPI to TPII, and vice versa, their relative capital and operating costs will change. This is a degree of freedom that can be optimized. 

The six-membered ring heterocycles are of exceptional importance in the context of willingly self administered organic substances. One need only mention glucose and nicotine to make this point. The biological acceptability, within reasonable limits, of these materials is paralleled by the availability of a substantial number of drugs. 

There is now not only a great number but also a great variety of metal atom cluster compounds. In this essay I should like to discuss the differences between those that have metal atoms in a relatively high mean oxidation state (+2 to +4, and even, in rare cases, a bit higher) and those with metal atoms in oxidation states in the range -1 to +1. To keep the discussion within reasonable limits I shall restrict it almost exclusively to clusters consisting of only two or three metal atoms. I eschew the pedantic assertion that two atoms do not a cluster make. 

The main themes of this significant output, especially the applications of ACF in advanced technologies, are dealt with below. However it should be emphasized that only information on ACF in the public domain is covered in this review details on commercial and military ACF are often confidential, and any publicly-available information in these areas is usually, for obvious reasons, limited in depth and scope. 

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