Vitamins biotin

Industrial biotin production is carried out by a lengthy, multistep chemical process including an optical resolution step, which was devised in the late 1940s and further improved over time [328]. Thus, biotin seemed a promising compound to 

Long chain fatty acid, probably myristic acid (n = 1) 

BioB reaction has been elucidated in some detail recently (for a review, see 

The highest biotin titer reached in a microbial process so far is 500mgl in addition to 100 mg 1 dethiobiotin in a 10-day fed-batch fermentation. This process, based on a genetically engineered Serratia marcescens mutant, was developed in the mid-1990s at Tanabe Seiyaku, Japan [333]. 

Several chemical routes are used for commercial production of thiamine chloride and thiamine nitrate, the thiamine sales forms introduced in the market. Despite the high functionalization of the thiamine molecule, the current industrial processes starting from chemical commodities deliver thiamine at reasonable yield and are, thus, quite cost effective [334]. Only few attempts to develop microbial production processes have been reported in the scientific or patent literature [334]. 

---

Benzylarnine, [100-46-9] CgH CH2NH2 (bp, 184°C at 101.3 kPa) produced by reaction of ammonia with benzaldehyde and hydrogenation of the resulting Schiffs base, is used as the raw material for the production of biotin (Vitamin H), as an intermediate for certain photographic materials, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of certain pharmaceutical products. 

Folic Acid Niacin Biotin Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin C... 

Avidin was first isolated from chicken egg white by Esmond Emerson Snell (1914-2003). This tetrameric protein contains four identical subunits (homotetramer) each of which can bind to biotin (Vitamin B7, vitamin H) with a high degree of affinity and specificity. When these two molecules are in the same solution, they will bind with such high affinity that the binding is essentially irreversible. No matter how many times you wash them, they will not let go of each other. 

Biotin (vitamin B ) is widespread in foods and is also synthesized by intestinal bacteria. It is a coenzyme for the carboxylation of pyruvate, acetyl-coenzyme-A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and /1-methyl-crotonyl CoA and is involved in fatty acid formation and in energy release from carbohydrates. In humans deficiencies only occur in patients with an abnormal gut flora and manifests itself as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia. 

Biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12) is required for the recycling of biotin and for the utilization of protein bound biotin from the diet. Biotin (vitamin H) functions as a prosthetic group of four carboxylases in man the mitochondrial propionyl-CoA carboxylase,... 

Metal-thioether interactions of biological or medical interest concentrate on complexes of copper. D-Biotin (vitamin H) involves tetrahydrothiophene,44 and the blue copper proteins are believed to contain interactions between different thioether units of methionine (as well as cysteine and histidine)47 (see also ref. 48). 

Given its systematic name 5-[(3aS,4S,6a )-2-oxohexahydrothieno[3,4-d]-imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, draw a structural formula with complete specification of the configuration for biotin (vitamin H). 

Research on avidin and biotin (vitamin H) developed from nutritional studies focused on understanding why rats fed large quantities of egg whites developed malnutrition. Subsequently, biotin was found to prevent this malnutrition and in 1975, Green [12] isolated the protein, avidin, in egg whites that was responsible for the biotin deficiency. In egg whites avidin serves as an... 

---