1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions dimethyl maleate

Pyrrolidines have been prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-(benzyli-dene)trimethylsilylamine/TMSOf 20 and methyl acrylate, N-methylmaleimide, or dimethyl maleate [35]. More recently, methyl trans-3-cyanociruiamate 1479 was reacted with N-benzyl-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)aminomethyl methyl ether 1480 and trifluoroacetic acid in CH2CI2 at 0°C and 24°C to afford, via 1481, the pyrrolidine derivative 1482 in high yield and MeOSiMe3 13a [35a] (Scheme 9.20). Several... 

Treatment of benzo[c][l,5]naphthyridine with dichlorocarbene, formed from the thermal decomposition of sodium trichloroacetate, gives the corresponding iV-dichloromethylide, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of which with DMAD, with loss of HC1, gives the corresponding pyrrolonaphthyridine 284 (Equation 98) <1995M227>. In the [1,6]- and [1,7]-naphthyridine series, compounds 285 and 286 are obtained by the same route and in the [l,8]naphthyridine series compound 287 is obtained from the parent naphthyridine, dichlorocarbene, and dimethyl maleate followed by oxidation (Equation 99) <1998RJ0712>. 

Dipolarophiles D14. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate is widely used in the synthesis of polyhydroxy alkaloid derivatives of dihydroindolizidinone (81), pyrrolizidine (119), (—)-codonopsinine, and (+ )-hyacinthacines Ai and A2 (312). In cases of unstable nitrones, syntheses of cycloadducts are performed in situ (81). 

The highly stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-phenyl-iV-glycosylnitrones (336) and (679) to dimethyl maleate D14, with the sugar moiety acting as a chiral auxiliary, has been used in enantioselective syntheses of isoxazolidines (678) and (678 ent) (Scheme 2.292) (118). 

The 3 + 2-cycloaddition of 1,2-dithiophthalides with nitrilimines yields benzo[c]thio-phenespirothiadiazoles regioselectively. The azomethineimines isoquinolinium-iV-aryllimide and A-(2-pyridyl)imide readily undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with electron-deficient dipolarophiles, dimethyl fumarate and dimethyl maleate, to yield tetrahydropyrazolo[5,l-a]isoquinolines in high yield. ° The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of electron-poor 1,3-dipoles, bicyclic azomethine ylides (27), with ( )-l-A,A-dimethylaminopropene to yield cycloadducts (28) and (29) are examples of non-stereospecific cycloadductions (Scheme 9). The synthesis of protected... 

The meso-ionic l,3-dithiol-4-ones (134) participate - in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions giving adducts of the general type 136. They show a remarkable degree of reactivity toward simple alkenes including tetramethylethylene, cyclopentene, norbomene, and norbor-nadiene as well as toward the more reactive 1,3-dipolarophilic olefins dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, methyl cinnamate, diben-zoylethylene, A -phenylmaleimide, and acenaphthylene. Alkynes such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate also add to meso-ionic 1,3-dithiol-4-ones (134), but the intermediate cycloadducts are not isolable they eliminate carbonyl sulfide and yield thiophenes (137) directly. - ... 

The meso-ionic l,3>2-oxathiazol-5-ones (169) show an interesting range of reactions with nucleophiles including ammonia, primary amines, and aqueous alkali. They also react with l,3-dipolarophiles, including dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and methyl propiolate, yielding isothiazoles (171) and carbon dioxide. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions with alkenes such as styrene, dimethyl maleate, and methyl cinnamate also lead to isothiazoles (171) directly. BicycUc intermediates (cf. 136) were not isolable these cycloaddition reactions with alkenes giving isothiazoles involve an additional dehydrogenation step. 

Photochemical cycloaddition reactions between sydnones (1) and 1,3-dipolarophiles take place to give products which are different from, but isomeric with, the thermal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition products. These results are directly interpreted in terms of reactions between the 1,3-dipolarophiles and Ae nit mine (316). The photochemical reactions between sydnones and the following 1,3-dipolarophiles have been reported dicyclopentadiene, dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, indene, carbon dioxide, and carbon disulfide. ... 

Garner et al. (90,320) used aziridines substituted with Oppolzer s sultam as azomethine ylide precursors. The azomethine ylide generated from 206 added to various electron-dehcient alkenes, such as dimethyl maleate, A-phenylmalei-mide, and methyl acrylate, giving the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product in good yields and up to 82% de (for A-phenylmaleimide). They also used familiar azomethine ylides formed by imine tautomerization (320). Aziridines such as 207 have also been used as precursors for the chiral azomethine ylides, but in reactions with vinylene carbonates, relatively low de values were obtained (Scheme 12.59) (92). 

Carbonyl ylides possess versatile reactivities, among which the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is the most common and important reaction. The reaction sequence of ylide formation and then 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition can occur in either inter- or intramolecular manner. When the reaction occurs intermolecularly, the overall reaction is a one-pot three-eomponent process leading to oxygen-containing five-membered cyclic compounds, as demonstrated by the example shown in Scheme 8. A mixture of diazo ester 64, benzaldehyde, and dimethyl maleate, upon heating to reflux in CH2CI2 in the presence of 1 mol% rhodium(ii) perfluorobutyrate [Rh2(pfb)4], yields tetrahedrofuran derivative 65 in 49% yield as single diastereomer. " ... 

The tandem reaction of carbenoids with simple imines to form azomethine ylides which then undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with various dipolarophiles was first reported in 1972.81 Treatment of phenyldiazomethane with copper bronze in the presence of excess N-benzylidenemethylamine resulted in the isolation of imidazoline 170. Formation of this product was rationalized by carbenoid addition onto the imine nitrogen to give azomethine ylide 169 which then underwent a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with another molecule of imine to produce the observed product. Bartnik and Mloston subsequently extended this observation by using other dipolarophiles.82 For example, catalytic decomposition of phenyldiazomethane and A-benzylidenemethylamine in the presence of dimethyl maleate or benzaldehyde gave pyrrolidine 171... 

CR(Q(262)1017>. The nucleophilic reactivity of the oxygen atom has been observed in the acetylation by acetic anhydride of 2-aryl- and 2-heteryl-A2-thiazolin-4-ones (Scheme 136). 2-Alkoxy and 2-methyl derivatives of A2-thiazolin-4-one (196) react with OPCl3 to yield thiazolylphosphoric esters (197) which have insecticidal uses (Scheme 137). An example of the electrophilic reactivity of the C-4 atom is the easy formation of oxime and phenylhydrazone derivatives. 5-Aryl-A2-thiazolin-4-one (198) gives the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product (199) with methyl fumarate and methyl maleate (Scheme 138). Under similar conditions, treatment of (198) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) yields a thiophene derivative (202) when R = Ph and a pyridone derivative (203) when R = H (Scheme 139). The proposed mechanism involves the formation of a mesoionic intermediate (200) which reacts in a cycloaddition with a second molecule of DMAD, yielding (201), the decomposition of which depends on the R substituent. 

In the area of [3 + 2]-cycloadditions (1,3-dipolar cycloadditions), chiral silver catalysts have been utilized extensively for the enantioselective formation of five-membered rings from prochiral substrates. For example, Zhang and co-workers360 have reported the highly enantioselective Ag(i)-catalyzed [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to electron-deficient alkenes. Thus, reaction of ct-imino esters 442 with dimethyl maleate in the presence of catalytic amounts of silver(i) acetate and the chiral bisferrocenyl amide phosphine 443 provided the chiral pyrrolidines 444 with high stereoselectivities and chemical yields (Scheme 131). Only the endo-products were isolated in all cases. 

The Stereoselectivity of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. There is no endo mle for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions like that for Diels-Alder reactions. Stereoselectivity, more often than not, is low, as shown by the reactions of C,/V-diphenylnitrone—both regioisomers 6.238 and 6.239 (R=C02Et) from the reaction with ethyl acrylate are mixtures of exo and endo isomers, only a little in favour of the exo product. Similarly, the reactions of methyl crotonate with nitrones favour the exo product 6.242 over the endo 6.243. In contrast, other reactions are endo selective, as in the cycloaddition 6.244 of an azomethine ylid to dimethyl maleate giving largely the endo adduct 6.245. 

A representative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition process occurs with yV-aryl-C-(trifiuoromethyl)-nitrilimines, generated from the corresponding hydrazonoyl bromides, c.g. 4. under basic conditions. which can react with dimethyl fumarate and maleate,bicyclic olefins. and dipolarophiles containing cumulative double bonds. With sodium isocyanates as the dipolarophilc the cycloaddition reaction occurs across the C = N bond, while with potassium isothiocyanate it occurs through the C = S bond. ... 

N-Benzyl-N-methoxyraethyl-N-(triraethylsily1jmethylamine undergoes stereo-specific cycloaddition with dimethyl maleate and fumarate. The cycloaddition behavior of an unsymnetrically substituted a-methoxysilylamine has also been examined and found to occur with high overall regioselectivity. The stereospecificity and regioselectivity of the reaction is consistent with a concerted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. 

An interesting reaction was observed on phase-transfer generation of dichlorocarbene in the presence of mono- and 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and dimethyl maleate. In this case the initially formed ammonium ylide 511 transforms to azomethine imine 512 followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to an olefin providing pyrazolines 513 96ISV(ip). 

In contrast, other reactions are endo selective, as in the cycloaddition 6.354 of an azomethine ylid to dimethyl maleate giving largely (80 20) the endo adduct endo-6.355.869,870 Thus the stereoselectivity depends in a not always predictable way upon the dipole, the dipolarophile and their substituents, in contrast to Diels-Alder reactions, which more often than not obey the endo rule. It is advisable, when planning a synthesis, to look up close analogies before relying upon the exo or endo stereoselectivity of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. 

This group " also diverted the usual Diels-Alder cycloaddition pathway of Reissert salts with olefinic esters to a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition pathway by the addition of triethylamine. Thus treatment of munchnone imine 364 with ethyl acrylate and triethylamine affords the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product 366 (30%) as the major product, formed by fragmentation of cycloadduct 365 (Fig. 4.121). The Diels-Alder product (not shown) is formed in 15% yield. Similar products to 366 are formed with dimethyl and diethyl maleate and fumarate. Laude and coworkers " also were able to trap munchnone imine 367 with dipolarophiles to furnish 368 (Fig. 4.122). No Diels-Alder cycloadducts derived from the oxazolium salt were detected. In contrast, fumarate and acrylate esters give only Diels-Alder cycloadducts from the tautomeric oxazolium salt (not shown). However, benzo-quinones and 1,4-naphthoquinone react in a 1,3-dipolar fashion with munchnone imine 372 derived from Reissert compound 369 to give 373 (Scheme 4.11). " Diels-Alder cycloadducts derived from oxazolium salt 371 were not observed. In a... 

On the basis of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 5-membered ring carbonyl ylides, syntheses of oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one ring systems were successfully accompUshed. For example, the reactions of the cyclopropyl-substituted five-membered ring carbonyl ylide 48 derived from the a-diazo ketone 47 with different dipolarophiles have been investigated [78-80]. The compound 47 undergoes cycloaddition in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4 with dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, cyclopentenone, 1,1-dimethoxyethylene and bi-cyclopropylidene furnishing the expected cycloadducts 49-53, respectively... 

The dipolar addition reaction between DMAD or dimethyl maleate and the diimine species [Fe(CNR)3(Pr N=C HCH=NPr>)] (R = Bu , CH2Ph, Cy, 2,6-xylyl etc.) occurs to give complexes of type (4) in the case of [Fe(CO)2(CNR)(Pr N=CHCH=NPri)] there is a competition between CO and CNR insertion into the metallacycle. Compounds containing fused pyrrole rings arc also formed which on heating release substituted 2-vinylpyrroles. -64 similar cycloaddition also occurs between [Fe(C0)3(Bu N=CHCR=0)] (R = Me, Ph) and DMAD. 5 Purther details of the insertion of alkynes into vinylketene iron tricarbonyl complexes have appeared thermolysis of the insertion products gives cyclopentenediones or phenols. -... 

The group of Gong and coworkers explored a biomimetic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a-ketoester 79 and benzylamine derivatives 80 with electron-deficient olefins 81a,b to devise a straightforward route to proline derivatives 82 in high yields and enantioselectivities [49]. The proposed biomimetic three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition proceeds as illustrated in Scheme 2.22a. The azomethine ylide B is formed, via a transamination from ketimine ester A, which is in turn prepared from a-ketoesters 79 and benzyl-amine derivatives 80 then, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with electron-poor olefins 81a takes place. For this purpose, the bisphosphoric acid 83 was found to be the catalyst of choice to promote such transformation (Scheme 2.22b). Replacing dimethyl maleate (previously used as deficient olefins) by methyleneindolinones, the same approach could be extended to spirooxindoles synthesis in high yields and... 

Wang and co-workers further broadened the application of Cu(I)/TF-BiphamPhos catalyst system to the first catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of homoserine lactone-derived cychc aldimino esters with dimethyl maleate for the highly efficient synthesis of biologically active spiro-[butyrolactone-pyrrolidines] containing both a y-lactone and pyrrolidine moiety (Scheme 23) [43]. A key feature of this method is that the lactone ring in the generated spirocycles is provided by the dipole, rather than by the dipolarophile. 

Nitronate Facial Selectivity in Intermolecular [3+2] Cycloadditions of Nitronates The majority of asymmetric dipolar cycloadditions of nitronates have been investigated in the context of the tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloadditions of nitroalkenes. With chiral, cyclic nitronates, the facial selectivity is primarily controlled by the steric environment that defines the diastereotopic faces of the nitronate. Nitronates obtained from [4 + 2] cycloadditions with vinyl ethers contain an acetal stereocenter that controls the approach of the dipolarophile. Nitronate 103 (Scheme 16.26) reacts with dimethyl maleate to produce predominantly nitroso acetal distal- QA through a distal approach of the dipolarophile [23]. The proximal approach provided the minor isomer with dr 7/l. Calculations suggest that the distal approach of the dipolarophile that leads directly to a chair-Uke conformation of the six-membered ring is slightly favored over the proximal approach [121]. 

A DFT study of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine imines with electron-deficient dipolarophiles CH2=CH-CN, CH2=CHC02Me, and dimethyl maleate has successfully predicted the regioselectivity and reactivity and found little evidence of charge transfer in the transition states. ... 

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