Diastereotopic face

In the Sharpless epoxidation of divinylmethanols only one of four possible stereoisomers is selectively formed. In this special case the diastereotopic face selectivity of the Shaipless reagent may result in diastereomeric by-products rather than the enantiomeric one, e.g., for the L -(-(-)-DIPT-catalyzed epoxidation of (E)-a-(l-propenyl)cyclohexaneraethanol to [S(S)-, [R(S)-, [S(R)- and [R(R)-trans]-arate constants is 971 19 6 4 (see above S.L. Schreiber, 1987). This effect may strongly enhance the e.e. in addition to the kinetic resolution effect mentioned above, which finally reduces further the amount of the enantiomer formed. 

Simple allyl alkali metal compounds have only a small capability for discriminating between diastereotopic faces of carbonyl compounds. Although a matter of simple diastereoselectivity, this can be concluded from the reaction of conformationally locked 4-/erf-butylcyclohexanone... 

Diallylzinc discriminates between diastereotopic faces of alkyl cyclohexanones better than diallylmagnesium and slightly better than diallylcadmium8. 

The reaction is believed to proceed via a six-membered cyclic transition state, analogously to the carbonyl addition of enolates, but the energy differences between boat- and chair-like arrangements are lower for x-sulfinyl carbanions69. Tor tert-butyl sulfoxides only anti- and, vn-products are obtained, arising from the approach onto the same diastereotopic face of the anion, but with different relative topicity. The exchange of lithium by zinc causes an increase of the anft-produci, but attempts to titanate the anion failed (see Table 3)69. 

Highly diastereoface selective Michael additions to chiral cycloalkenones and lactones have been developed264. The selectivity is, in general, due to the shielding of one of the diastereotopic faces by a substituent R at the stereogenic center in the y- or -position (steric effect). 

While a different explanation for the diastereoselection in these protonation reactions has been proposed, the stereochemical sense of protonation can be rationalized as arising from protonation of the chelated intermediate from the least hindered diastereotopic face of the nitronate anion (i.e. anti to the /i-methyl group)20-21. 

When the aromatic group of the sulfoxide is replaced by a heteroaromatic group (e.g., N-methylimidazole), the internal coordination between Li—N to form a five-membered metallocycle apparently predominates over Li—O coordination to form a four-membered metallocycle . Reaction of imidazole (S)-sulfoxide 16 with benzaldehyde produces aldol 17 as the major product in which the a-H and the sulfoxide lone pair are syn (equation 14) imidazole (R)-sulfoxide 18 reacts similarly (equation 15). The stereochemical outcome of these reactions is rationalized in terms of a-lithiosulfoxides in which the reactive diastereomer (i.e., 20 and 21) is that having one diastereotopic face of the five-membered Li—N metallocycle carrying both H and sulfoxide lone pair. 

In the discussion of the stereochemistry of aldol and Mukaiyama reactions, the most important factors in determining the syn or anti diastereoselectivity were identified as the nature of the TS (cyclic, open, or chelated) and the configuration (E or Z) of the enolate. If either the aldehyde or enolate is chiral, an additional factor enters the picture. The aldehyde or enolate then has two nonidentical faces and the stereochemical outcome will depend on facial selectivity. In principle, this applies to any stereocenter in the molecule, but the strongest and most studied effects are those of a- and (3-substituents. If the aldehyde is chiral, particularly when the stereogenic center is adjacent to the carbonyl group, the competition between the two diastereotopic faces of the carbonyl group determines the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. 

The diastereoselectivity observed in simple systems led to investigation of enantiomerically pure aldehydes. It was found that the E- and Z-2-butenylboronates both exhibit high syn-anti diastereoselectivity with chiral a-substituted aldehydes. However, only the Z-isomer also exhibited high selectivity toward the diastereotopic faces of the aldehyde.38... 

Racemic fra .s-A--benzyl-2.5-bis-(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine has been resolved via its dicarboxylic acid, followed by subsequent transformation to offer (2R,5R)-21 or (25,5S -21. The absolute configuration of the alkylated carboxylic acids indicates that the approach of alkyl halides is directed to one of the diastereotopic faces of the enolate thus formed. In the following case, the approached face is the 57-face of the (Z)-enolate. By employing the chiral auxiliary (2R,5R)-21 or its enantiomer (25.55)-21. the (/ )- or (S)-form of carboxylic acids can be obtained with considerably high enantioselectivity (Table 2-4). 

Schreiber et al.47 have described a mathematical model that combines enantiotopic group and diastereotopic face selectivity. They applied the model to a class of examples of epoxidation using several divinyl carbinols as substrates to predict the asymmetric formation of products with enhanced ee (Scheme 4-28). 

For purposes of illustration, consider the erythro selective reaction illustrated in eq. [69]. For aldehydes containing an adjacent asymmetric center (R, Rl = medium and large alkyl substituents), the bias for nucleophilic addition from a given diastereotopic face of the aldehyde is predicted empirically by Cram s rule (the open-chain... 

Expressed as the ratio of the total reaction at the two diastereotopic faces of the enolate. 

The reactions that lead to 146 are usually highly stereoselective, giving only two diastereoisomers in high diastereomeric ratio. In particular, the stereogenic centre formed during the Ugi step seems to direct the attack of the diene onto one of the two diastereotopic faces of the dienophile (the preferred stereoisomer is shown in the figure). On the contrary, the synthesis of 147 was much less stereoselective. 

Up to this point, we have considered primarily the effect of enolate geometry on the stereochemistry of the aldol condensation and have considered achiral or racemic aldehydes and enolates. If the aldehyde is chiral, particularly when the chiral center is adjacent to the carbonyl group, the selection between the two diastereotopic faces of the carbonyl group will influence the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. Similarly, there will be a degree of selectivity between the two faces of the enolate when the enolate contains a chiral center. If both the aldehyde and enolate are chiral, mutual combinations of stereoselectivity will come into play. One combination should provide complementary, reinforcing stereoselection, whereas the alternative combination would result in opposing preferences and lead to diminished overall stereoselectivity. The combined interactions of chiral centers in both the aldehyde and the enolate determine the stereoselectivity. The result is called double stereodifferentiation,67... 

The X-ray crystal structure of fZ)-4-[(5)-2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolan -ylmethyl-ene]-2-phenyl-5(4//)-oxazolone has been determined. " The analysis shows an almost planar disposition for the entire molecule with the exception of the dioxolane ring that adopts an envelope conformation. As such, the dioxolane ring is mainly situated on the si,si diastereotopic face of the olefinic bond, a situation that accounts for the observed diastereoselectivity in Diels-Alder reactions. 

One of the factors directing the alkylation of an enolate is the Jt-facial selectivity. The differences in reactivity of the two diastereotopic faces of the enolate, due to steric and electronic features, contribute to the steric control of the alkylation (for extensive reviews, see refs 1, 4, and 30). Likewise, stereoelectronic features are important control elements for C- versus O-alkylation, as illustrated by the cyclization of enolates 1 and 3 via intramolecular nucleophilic substitution 39. 

Regioselectivc endo deprotonation and alkylation of 4,5-dihydroisoxazoles proceeds under asymmetric induction controlled by the substituent(s) in position 5. These substituents shield one of the diastereotopic faces of the 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, such that alkylation provides the trans-diastereomers in excess (see Table 1). 

The anion crystallizes as a dimer with bonding occurring via a Li20, four-membered ring. Two further coordination sites on each Li4 arc occupied by the TMF.DA N-atoms. This result is fully consistent with the four-center chelate structure which was proposed before for a-lithio sulfoxides 39- 40 and believed to be responsible for the planar configuration of the anionic carbon atom, This chelation discriminates between the two diastereotopic faces and for this reason a-sulfinyl carbanions react with electrophiles in a highly stereoselective manner (see the following section). 

In addition to the structural effects due to the geometry of a substituted magnesium enolate, the stereochemistry of the reaction with a chiral aldehyde can be controlled, as described in equation 85. The aldol reaction based on the addition of magnesium enolate 56 to aldehyde 55 has been applied to the synthesis of monensin. The chiral center in the aldehyde induces the preferential approach of one diastereotopic face of the aldehyde by... 

No. The numbers of molecules with S and R configurations at C are not equal. This is so because the presence of the C -stereocenter causes an unequal likelihood of attack at the faces of C. Faces which give rise to diastereomers when attacked by a fourth ligand are diastereotopic faces. 

The presence of stereocenters in sugars causes their C=0 groups to have diastereotopic faces (Section 5.4) that react at different rates, resulting in unequal amounts of diastereomers. 

In the second step, achiral 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) adds to the less hindered diastereotopic face of a-pinene to yield the chiral reducing agent Alpine-Borane. Aldehydes are rapidly reduced to alcohols. The reaction with deuterio-Alpine-Borane, which yields (R)-a-d-henzy alcohol in 98% enantiomeric excess ( ) reveals a very high degree of selectivity of the enantiotopic faces of the aldehyde group in a crowded transition state ... 

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