Dilution prohibition

This series of prohibitions restricts how wastes subject to LDR requirements are handled. The most visible aspect of the LDR program is the disposal prohibition, which includes treatment standards, variances, alternative treatment standards (ATSs), and notification requirements. Land disposal means placement in or on the land, except in a corrective action unit, and includes, but is not limited to, placement in a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt dome formation, salt bed formation, underground mine or cave, or placement in a concrete vault, or bunker intended for disposal purposes. The other two components work in tandem with the disposal prohibition to guide the regulated community in proper hazardous waste management. The dilution prohibition ensures that wastes are properly treated, and the storage prohibition ensures that waste will not be stored indefinitely to avoid treatment. 

Land Disposal - Dilution Prohibited as a Substitute for Treatment Yes 40 CFR 268.3 EPA 1990e... 

A recommended exposure limit for antimony compounds of 0.5 mg /m (as Sb) has been given (2). Disposal may be effected by washing residues down the drain at very high dilution unless prohibited by local regulations. 

The product is equal to the equilibrium constant X for the reaction shown in equation 30. It is generally considered that a salt is soluble if > 1. Thus sequestration or solubilization of moderate amounts of metal ion usually becomes practical as X. approaches or exceeds one. For smaller values of X the cost of the requited amount of chelating agent may be prohibitive. However, the dilution effect may allow economical sequestration, or solubilization of small amounts of deposits, at X values considerably less than one. In practical appHcations, calculations based on concentration equihbrium constants can be used as a guide for experimental studies that are usually necessary to determine the actual behavior of particular systems. 

Bactericides are substances that destroy bacteria, and they can be used in various ways. They may be incorporated into the soluble-oil concentrate, either at concentrations suitable to protect the oil in storage, or at levels sufficient to provide a persistent bactericidal effect on the emulsion in service. The cost of providing sufficient bactericide to cover the use of the soluble oil at a high dilution might prove prohibitive. Continued use of the same bactericide may produce resistant strains of bacteria. 

The large size of redox enzymes means that diffusion to an electrode surface will be prohibitively slow, and, for enzyme in solution, an electrochemical response is usually only observed if small, soluble electron transfer mediator molecules are added. In this chapter, discussion is limited to examples in which the enzyme of interest is attached to the electrode surface. Electrochemical experiments on enzymes can be very simple, involving direct adsorption of the protein onto a carbon or modified metal surface from dilute solution. Protein film voltammetry, a method in which a film of enzyme in direct... 

The potential energy function prohibits double occupancy of any site on the 2nnd lattice. In the initial formulation, which was designed for the simulation of infinitely dilute chains in a structureless medium that behaves as a solvent, the remaining part of the potential energy function contains a finite repulsion for sites that are one lattice unit apart, and a finite attraction for sites that are two lattice units apart [153]. The finite interaction energies for these two types of sites were obtained by generalizing the lattice formulation of the second virial coefficient, B2, described by Post and Zimm as [159] ... 

For destructive measuring methods, a CRM would serve as a reference to check the recovery of a particular matrix removal procedure. This is especially important for open destructions at atmospheric pressure. Alternatively, isotope dilution methods may be used once isotopic equilibrium is established, loss of analyte does not affect the analysis result. Isotope dilution techniques are only available in a few specialised laboratories. Another type of problem is encountered in pressurised methods oxidising the matrix in a closed vessel or bomb. Due to the large amounts of gas (CO2, NO, SO2) evolving from samples with a high organic matrix content, an excessive pressure build-up occurs that prohibits the use... 

The result of the entire procedure, being a 100% conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III), thus represents a so-called coulometric titration with internal generation of course, it seems possible to titrate Fe(II) with Ce(IV) generated externally from Ce(III), but in this way one would unnecessarily remove the solution of the 100% conversion problem hence the above titration with internal generation in the presence of a redox buffer as an intermediary oxidant represents an extremely reliable method, unless occasional circumstances are prohibitive for the remainder internal generation offers the advantage of no dilution of the analyte solution. 

Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the sample molecules and the phospholipid bilayer membranes are thought to play a key role in the transport of such solute molecules. When dilute 2% phospholipid in alkane is used in the artificial membrane [25,556], the effect of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic effects may be underestimated. We thus explored the effects of higher phospholipid content in alkane solutions. Egg and soy lecithins were selected for this purpose, since multicomponent mixtures such as model 11.0 are very costly, even at levels of 2% wt/vol in dodecane. The costs of components in 74% wt/vol (see below) levels would have been prohibitive. 

Metal bearing waste prohibited from dilution in a combustion unit according to 40 CFR 268.3(c)... 

One tool for working toward this objective is molecular mechanics. In this approach, the bonds in a molecule are treated as classical objects, with continuous interaction potentials (sometimes called force fields) that can be developed empirically or calculated by quantum theory. This is a powerful method that allows the application of predictive theory to much larger systems if sufficiently accurate and robust force fields can be developed. Predicting the structures of proteins and polymers is an important objective, but at present this often requires prohibitively large calculations. Molecular mechanics with classical interaction potentials has been the principal tool in the development of molecular models of polymer dynamics. The ability to model isolated polymer molecules (in dilute solution) is well developed, but fundamental molecular mechanics models of dense systems of entangled polymers remains an important goal. 

When article/carrier mixtures are prepared by serial dilution of the highest concentration, FDA has suggested that it would be appropriate to perform an assay on the lowest concentration because this woidd confirm the accuracy of the ddution process. This is not a GLP requirement, however, and there is no prohibition on the analysis of any of the other concentrations. Anal5dical methods may not be sensitive enough for valid assays of the lowest concentration. 

Under normal conditions the catacondensed hydrocarbons of molecular formula C4n+2H2n+4 adopt a crystal lattice104 shown schematically as Type A in Figure 13 in which the (rotational and translational) displacement of adjacent molecular planes to produce a symmetric sandwich configuration is prohibited by the interaction of neighboring molecules. These crystals exhibit a structured ( molecular ) fluorescence spectrum red-shifted by 100 cm-1 from the molecular spectrum observed in dilute solutions. 

Lower Conductivity. The equivalent conductance of nonaqueous solutions a( infinite dilution is often comparable to that of aqueous systems, but it decreases with an increase in concentration more rapidly than the corresponding aqueous systems (the effect of the lower dielectric constant). Since the specific conductivity, K (that which determines the resistance between cathode and anode) is proportional to Ac, the equivalent conductance, the IR drop between the electrodes of a cell in which deposition from nonaqueous solutions is to lake place will be greater than that in aqueous solution (see Section 4.8.7). The electricity needed to deposit a given mass of metal is proportional to the total E between the electrodes, and this includes the IR between the electrodes, which is much greater in the nonaqueous than in the aqueous cases. Hence, nonaqueous deposition will be more costly in electricity (more kilowatt hours per unit of weight deposited) than a corresponding deposition in aqueous solution. The difference may be prohibitive. 

CFR Section 268.3 Prohibits land disposal of dilute waste waters containing solvents and having 1% or less total organics. 

Tristearin and triglycerides of higher molecular weight have a very low solubility in the mobile phase used, and either precipitate at injection (in the valve loop or in the connecting tube between the injection valve and the column) when the sample solution is diluted in a rather poor solvent or are so strongly retained that they are eluted only after a prohibitively long time, giving broad peaks barely discernible from baseline oscillations. 

Although DMVES reacts on silica surfaces [37], we have found it to adsorb on oxidized A1 only under specific conditions [4]. When spin cast on plasma alumina from solutions of either H20, acetone, or ethanol at concentrations 2.0 vol.% or greater, prohibitively thick films were obtained which adhered poorly to the alumina surface, evidenced by the fact they could be easily rinsed off with the above solvents. Lower solution concentrations resulted in no detectable adsorption. From these results we concluded that for DMVES to adsorb on alumina, the solutions must be dilute (<2.0 vol.%) and the exposure time increased. 

Thus, the reaction of naphthalene with acetyl chloride to form acetonaphthone in C02 would require either prohibitively high pressures (> 600 bar) or extremely dilute (well less than 1 mol % reactants and... 

All waste chemicals from the plant must be disposed of in an acceptable manner. Dumping of the waste may not be allowed or, if it is, it may be prohibitively expensive. Some form of treatment, e.g. dilution, neutralisation, purification, separation, etc., may be necessary prior to disposal. It is necessary to determine whether it is more economical (and preferable for the efficient operation of the plant) to perform this treatment within the chemical plant itself. Consideration should also be given to the installation of separate drainage systems from certain sections of the plant and for particular wastes, e.g. rainwater, domestic... 

This gas theory then demands the fulfillment of requirement (b) of Coward and Jones. From Table I it can be seen that to prevent the burning of the gases from cellulose by dilution with carbon dioxide would require a prohibitive amount of sodium carbonate. The relatively small amounts of methyl bromide and carbon tetrachloride required would indicate that a flameproofing agent liberating these would be of great value, but no such substance is known. 

Requiring low-sample volume micro-scale tests for its cost-effective application, the PEEP index has thus far employed bioassays with bacteria, algae and microinvertebrates. While well-standardized toxicity tests using freshwater fish existed at the time of the PEEP s conception in the early 1990 s (e.g., the Environment Canada fingerling rainbow trout 96-h lethality test to assess industrial wastewaters), they were excluded because of their large sample volume needs (e.g., close to 400 L of effluent sample required to undertake a multiple dilution 96-h LC50 bioassay in the case of the trout test). In addition to effluent sample volume, the cost of carrying out salmonid fish acute lethality bioassays for the 50 priority industrial effluents identified under SLAP I (the first 1988-93 Saint-Lawrence River Action Plan) was prohibitive. 

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