Actual behavior

The experimental conditions used to determine the CFPP do not exactly reflect those observed in vehicles the differences are due to the spaces in the filter mesh which are much larger in the laboratory filter, the back-pressure and the cooling rate. Also, research is continuing on procedures that are more representative of the actual behavior of diesel fuel in a vehicle and which correlate better with the temperature said to be operability , the threshold value for the Incident. In 1993, the CEN looked at two new methods, one called SFPP proposed by Exxon Chemicals (David et al., 1993), the other called AGELFI and recommended by Agip, Elf and Fina (Hamon et al., 1993). 

The product is equal to the equilibrium constant X for the reaction shown in equation 30. It is generally considered that a salt is soluble if > 1. Thus sequestration or solubilization of moderate amounts of metal ion usually becomes practical as X. approaches or exceeds one. For smaller values of X the cost of the requited amount of chelating agent may be prohibitive. However, the dilution effect may allow economical sequestration, or solubilization of small amounts of deposits, at X values considerably less than one. In practical appHcations, calculations based on concentration equihbrium constants can be used as a guide for experimental studies that are usually necessary to determine the actual behavior of particular systems. 

We go next to the analysis and failure analysis block in Figure 7-11. That is, we consider the initial configuration with a particular material or materials. Then, for the prescribed loads, we perform a set of structural analyses to get the various structural response parameters like stresses, displacements, buckling loads, natural frequencies, etc. Those analyses are all deterministic processes. That is, within the limits of accuracy of the available analysis techniques, we are able to predict a specific set of responses for a particular structural configuration. We must know how a particular structural configuration behaves so we can compare the actual behavior with the desired behavior, i.e., with the design requirements. 

Compressibility is experimentally derived from data about the actual behavior of a particular gas under pVT changes. The compressibility factor, Z, is a multiplier in the basic formula. It is the ratio of the actual volume at a given pT condition to ideal volume at the same pT condition. The ideal gas equation is therefore modified to ... 

The second major assumption is that the material is elastic, meaning that the strains are directly proportional to the stresses applied and when the load is removed the deformation will disappear. In engineering terms the material is assumed to obey Hooke s Law. This assumption is probably a close approximation of the material s actual behavior in direct stress below its proportional limit, particularly in tension, if the fibers are stiff and elastic in the Hookean sense and carry essentially all the stress. This assumption is probably less valid in shear, where the plastic carries a substantial portion of the stress. The plastic may then undergo plastic flow, leading to creep or relaxation of the stresses, especially when the stresses are high. 

Although we have explained Bose-Einstein condensation as a characteristic of an ideal or nearly ideal gas, i.e., a system of non-interacting or weakly interacting particles, systems of strongly interacting bosons also undergo similar transitions. Eiquid helium-4, as an example, has a phase transition at 2.18 K and below that temperature exhibits very unusual behavior. The properties of helium-4 at and near this phase transition correlate with those of an ideal Bose-Einstein gas at and near its condensation temperature. Although the actual behavior of helium-4 is due to a combination of the effects of quantum statistics and interparticle forces, its qualitative behavior is related to Bose-Einstein condensation. 

The ideal gas law describes the actual behavior of most gases reasonably well at pressures below 5 bar. 

Suppose that the actual behavior of temperature versus enthalpy is known and is highly nonlinear, as shown in Figure 19.4. How can the nonlinear data be linearized so that the construction of composite curves and the problem table algorithm can be performed Figure 19.4 shows the nonlinear streams being represented by a series of linear segments. The linearization of the hot streams should... 

There are also two terms to account for the flow of entrained liquid carried around the bundle by crossflow of gas. Two terms are necessary because if a particular gas crossflow is reversed, then the subchannel from which the flow originates (the donor subchannel) has a different concentration of entrained liquid drops in the gas phase. It is assumed here that the crossflow of gas carries liquid droplets with it, and that the droplets adopt the same crossflow velocities as the gas. It is certain that the droplets do not behave in this way, but the effect of their actual behavior is not known. The equations then are... 

Tsuji et al. (1990) have modeled the flow of plastic pellets in the plug mode with discrete dynamics following the behavior of each particle. The use of a dash pot/spring arrangement to account for the friction was employed. Their results show remarkable agreement with the actual behavior of real systems. Figure 28 shows these flow patterns. Using models to account for turbulent gas-solid mixtures, Sinclair (1994) has developed a technique that could have promise for the dense phase transport. 

The drive signal applied to the switching Fet is usually created by a driver stage sitting inside the IC, and therefore connected to the IC ground. But the actual behavior displayed by a Fet is not determined by the voltage applied on its Gate terminal with respect to our... 

Perceived risk is a key component of consumer behavior (Frewer et al., 1994). However, decision making and behavior are often analyzed and reported only in terms of perceived risk (Brockhaus, 1980 Srinivasan and Ratchford, 1991). Perceived risk, however, only partially explains actual behavior. It is only when combined with a person s attitude toward risk can we understand and predict behavior to food-related issues. 

When applied to analyzing the real world, modeling is never complete. There s more to say about a Person than which room he or she is in every type diagram can always be extended with more detail. This is just as true within software. We saw earlier that as a client of an object, you are interested in a model that helps explain the behavior you expect of it—but you don t care how it is actually implemented. The model can omit implementation detail and have a completely different structure from that of the implementation as long as the client gets an understanding to which the actual behavior conforms. 

Because of the uncertainty as to the data and because of the sensitivity to the parameters it should be understood that calculated critical points reported in this paper need not represent actual behavior, even of the binary pairs. 

While in the ideal case S(g) according to Eq. (57) clearly reflects the singular behavior at T due to substrate inhomogeneity and/or limited resolution the actual behavior of scattering data is quite smooth see Fig. 13b for an example. A detailed analysis of finite resolution effects on the structure factor of two-dimensional lattice gas models has been presented by Bartelt et af. If the... 

An expansion of the series to the third term is not sufficiently accurate to reproduce the actual behavior of solids and it is preferable to use more physically sound functional forms, such as the first-order equation of state of Murnaghan ... 

Confirmation of the validity of the principle of corresponding states is shown in figure 9.4A, where we see the analogies in the reduced isotherms of H2O, CO2, and N2 according to reduced pressure. However, figure 9.4B shows that the principle of corresponding states is only an approximation of actual behavior in the vicinity of the critical point in the case of H2O, there are in fact discrepancies between predicted and actual behavior. 

The theory of autopoiesis is based on the observation of the actual behavior of a living cell. As such, it is not an abstract theoretical model for life - there are many of these - but a deductive analysis of life as it is on Earth. It is in a way a picture of the blue-print of cellular life, and it is fascinating to see how many concepts related to the process of life - emergence, homeostasis, biological autonomy, interactions with the environment, cognition, evolutionary drift, etc. - pour forth from this analysis in a coherent way. 

Simulation of the process with analytical models can be used to evaluate the effects of changes in process parameters, providing the limiting assumptions of the model are noted [16]. These parametric studies can then be used to select critical experiments for selecting a cure cycle or to establish rules for process-cycle development [17]. If the simulation is true enough to the actual behavior of the material and processing vessel and provides the necessary predictions of material quality, it can even be used to select a cure cycle [15,18]. 

Surface and Interfacial Tension. Some properties of liquid surfaces are suggestive of a skin that exercises a contracting force or tension parallel to the surface. Mathematical models based on this effect have been used in explanation of surface phenomena, such as capillary rise. The terms surface tension (gas—liquid or gas—solid interface) and interfacial tension (liquid—liquid or liquid—solid) relate to these models which do not reflect the actual behavior of molecules and ions at interfaces. Surface tension is the force per unit length required to create a new unit area of gas—liquid surface (mN/m (= dyn/cm)). It is numerically equal to the free-surface energy. Similady, interfacial tension is the force per unit length required to create a new unit area of liquid—liquid interface and is numerically equal to the interfacial free energy. 

From the viewpoint of the mechanics of continua, the stress-strain relationship of a perfectly elastic material is fully described in terms of the strain energy density function W. In fact, this relationship is expressed as a linear combination erf the partial derivatives of W with respect to the three invariants of deformation tensor, /j, /2, and /3. It is the fundamental task for a phenomenologic study of elastic material to determine W as a function of these three independent variables either from molecular theory or by experiment. The present paper has reviewed approaches to this task from biaxial extension experiment and the related data. The results obtained so far demonstrate that the kinetic theory of polymer network does not describe actual behavior of rubber vulcanizates. In particular, contrary to the kinetic theory, the observed derivative bW/bI2 does not vanish. 

The early application of volumetric data for hydrocarbons made use of the perfect gas laws. They were not sufficiently descriptive of the actual behavior to permit their widespread use at pressures in excess of several hundred pounds per square inch. The need for accurate metering aroused interest in the volumetric behavior of petroleum and its products at elevated pressures. Table II reviews references relating to the volumetric behavior of a number of components of petroleum and their mixtures. For many purposes the ratio of the actual volume to the volume of a perfect gas at the same pressure and temperature has been considered to be a single-valued function of the reduced pressure and temperature or of the pseudo-reduced (38) pressure and temperature. The proposals of Dodge (15), Lewis (12), and Brown (8) with their coworkers serve as examples of the nature of these correlations. The Beattie-Bridgeman (2) and Benedict (4) equations of state describe the volumetric behavior of many pure substances and their mixtures with an accuracy adequate (31) for most purposes. However, at pressures above 3000 pounds per square inch the accuracy of representation with existing constants leaves something to be desired. 

In the preceding section, we calculated that —0.911 V needs to be applied between the electrodes to deposit Cu(.s) on the cathode. The actual behavior of the electrolysis in Figure 17-6 shows that nothing special happens at —0.911 V. Near —2 V, the reaction begins in earnest. At low voltage, a small residual current is observed from reduction at the cathode and an equal amount of oxidation at the anode. Reduction might involve traces of dissolved 02, impurities such as Fe3+, or surface oxide on the electrode. 

In order to confirm such potential shift we observed the actual behavior of the sensing and counter electrode potential under both open and short circuit conditions. Each potential was measured against a silver reference electrode which was attached to the sensor element as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 depicts the response curves against 500 ppm H2 in air under both conditions. When the circuit is open, the change in potential occurs only at the sensing... 

Assuming that an innovation opportunity can be modeled in some useful and meaningful way, I am interested in exploring how people behave with respect to the economics of and the tradeoffs associated with modeling. My particular emphasis is on innovation behavior, looking not at how people think but at how people behave. Actions speak louder than words. Actual behavior is more eloquent and revealing than rigorous analysis. 

Michael Schrage That is an extraordinarily difficult question to answer therefore, I am going to oversimplify it to a level where I am comfortable answering it. There is a major ideological battle going on between the normativists and the positivists. That battle is fundamentally based on the core of economics—how people should behave—which exemplifies rational choice versus actual behavior. Theories like experimental economics and behavioral finance represent some effort to arbitrate normative expectations with positive observations. 

---