Indicator metabolism

Low serum chloride and elevated serum bicarbonate levels indicate metabolic alkalosis. 

Arterial blood gases with a normal or elevated pH indicates metabolic alkalosis that may or may not be compensated. 

Serum electrolytes and chemistries may indicate metabolic causes of symptoms. 

T. Huwer, H. J. Altmann, W. Grunow, S. Lenhardt, M. Przybylski, G. Eisenbrand, Coumarin Mercapturic Acid Isolated from Rat Urine Indicates Metabolic Formation of Coumarin 3,4-Epoxide , Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1991, 4, 586-590. 

Figure 20-11 Biosynthesis and catabolism of glycosphingolipids. The heavy bars indicate metabolic blocks in known diseases.

Fig. (1). Schematic view of some branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Solid arrows indicate enzymatic reactions with the respective enzyme indicated on the right. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase 4CL, 4-coumarate CoA ligase CHS, chalcone synthase CF1, chalcone flavavone isomerase F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase CHR, chalcone reductase. Broken arrows indicate metabolic branches towards several classes of phenylpropanoids, or several subsequent enzymatic steps. In some cases the enzymes indicated are also involved in other reactions, not shown.

Fig. 45. Interactions between glucose transport and modulating factors. Full arrows indicate metabolic pathways and ion fluxes wavy arrows show proposed modulating effects via a hypothetical regulatory Ca2+ pool (Elbrink and Bihler483))...

Although elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose, and decreased blood pyruvate indicate metabolic disturbances caused by DNOC (Den Tonkelaar et al. 1983 Spencer et al. 1948) (see Section 2.5.2), these effects are not unique to DNOC exposure (see Section 2.5.2). Therefore, it would be useful to identify an effects that may be uniquely and quantitatively associated with exposure to DNOC. 

Clients who have had the islet cells removed are at risk for complications of diabetes mellitus. The blood gas results indicate metabolic ketoacidosis, and the treatment is continuous infusion of regular insulin. 

The discipline of DMPK has always been a drug development activity. In this realm, it still plays a pivotal role in describing the kinetic profile of the drug in both preclinical species and humans, where this information guides the selection of safe therapeutic doses for man for the first clinical studies, as well guiding the choice of dose frequency in patients. It is also important to describe accumulation, distribution and elimination profiles of the drug, its metabolic fate and the profiles of those key metabolites. The use of predictive tools to indicate metabolic fate is described in Chapter 11. The study of competition... 

The symbol indicates there is uncertainty or conflicting literature for the indicated metabolism or growth substrate for this organism. E.g., it is uncertain that S, islandicus is capable of chemolithotrophy, a) NR, not reported. 

Phospholipid fatty add assays can also indicate metabolic changes in a microbial community. During nutrient deprivation and other environmental stresses, fatty add ratios can shift. Guckert et al. [36] found increases in the transxis ratio of monoenoic 16-carbon tty adds in Vibrio cholerae during nutrient starvation. The protocol used to extract the lipids fix>m environmental samples simultaneously extracts other biochemical indicators of nutritional status in microbial communities, for example, poly-P-hydroxyalkanoates [31]. 

We have observed decreases in serum bilirubin levels of up to 50% and appearance of conjugated bilirubin products in the native bile up to nine weeks post transplantation, indicating metabolic activity in the transplanted cells. While promising, these results were difficult to consistently reproduce, and successful hepatocyte transplantation was limited by cell injury and hypoxia at the time of transplantation. Cell death prevented consistently adequate cell mass engraftment to replace function. 

Jordd, R. Alonso-Iglesias, E. Elevated advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) indicate metabolic risk in severely obese children. 2012,... 

Wang Q, Hillwig ML, Okada K, Yamazaki K, Wu Y, Swaminathan S, Yamane H, Peters RJ (2012) Characterization of CYP76M5-8 indicates metabolic plasticity within a plant biosynthetic gene cluster. J Biol Chem 287 6159 168... 

Nicotinamide and benzamide are inhibitors of the chromatin bound enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (3, 8), and inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase are known radiosensitizers (1,4). In a previous study (6) we have shown that low doses of nicotinamide given oraUy to mice from day of transplantation until day of radiation sensitizes a C3H mammary adenocarcinoma to radiation. Nicotinamide not only is an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase but also has metabolic effects on the cell. Thus it is known that nicotinamide can increase the NAD pool in both malignant and normal cells (2, 7). Horsman et al. (4) have also indicated metabolic effects on the circulation with nicotinamide. Our results with per os administered benzamide indicate a difference in the radiosensitizing action of nicotinamide and benzamide. Nicotinamide can have radiosensitizing properties other than a simple direct poly(ADP-ribose)... 

Base excess is a calculated value representing the amount of buffering anions in the blood (primarily HCO3 but also hemoglobin, proteins, phosphates, and others). The normal range of base excess is 2 mEq/L. A negative base excess (-3 mEq/L or less) indicates a deficit of base and a metabolic acidosis (i.e., ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis). A positive base excess (3 mEq/L or more) indicates metabolic alkalosis (may be present in compensation for a respiratory acidosis). 4... 

The CO2 content is an indirect measure of bicarbonate in the blood. Since most of the CO2 in the body is in the form of HCO3, the CO content indicates the status of base in the body. The venous CO level is commonly included when routine electrolyte levels are measured and should not be confused with the Pco that is found in arterial blood and measures respiratory acid. The normal range for CO content is 23-30 mEq/L (or mmol/L) for adults, 20-28 mEq/L (or mmol/L) for infants and children, and 13-22 mEq/L (or mmol/L) for newborns. The CO level, as an indication of the bicarbonate level, is regulated by the kidneys. An elevated CO2 level indicates metabolic alkalosis, whereas a decreased CO level indicates metabolic acidosis. 

The importance of terpenoids to life is highlighted by the fact that two separate pathways have been found to produce the terpenoid precursor C5 units isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and dimethylaUyl diphosphate (DMADP). The mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway is functional in archae, animals and fungi, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is found in green algae, and terpenoids are produced by both pathways in bacteria and plants [2]. In plants the MVA pathway is active in the cytosol and it provides C5 units for sesquiterpene, triterpene and polyterpene biosynthesis whereas the MEP pathway occurs in plastids and produces C5 units for isoprene, monoterpenes, diterpenes and carotenoids [1]. Recent reports have indicated metabolic crosstalk between biosynthesis pathways and e.g., the homoterpene DMNT may originate from both pathways. 

Above 26 mM indicates metabolic alkalosis Below 22 mM indicates metabolic acidosis. 

The range of values of the standard bicarbonate measured from blood samples in people in a normal healthy population is between 22 and 26 mM a value outside this range indicates a metabolic disturbance of acid-base status. A standard bicarbonate above 26 mM indicates metabolic alkalosis as... 

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