Diesters, nonionic

The phosphorylation of OH-containing nonionic surfactants with P4O,0 gave a mixture of mono- and diesters of phosphoric acid with the surfactants. The optimum surfactant/P4O10 ratio was 2.5-3 1. The yield of mono- and diesters did not depend on the reaction temperature but was significantly influenced by the water content of the starting materials [7]. 

Fatty acids of sugars are potentially useful and fully green nonionic surfactants, but the lipase-mediated esterification of carbohydrates is hampered by the low solubility of carbohydrates in reaction media that support lipase catalysis in general. Because the monoacylated product (Figure 10.8) is more soluble in traditional solvents than is the starting compound, the former tends to undergo further acylation into a diester. In contrast, the CaLB-catalyzed esterification of glucose with vinyl acetate in the ionic liquid [EMIm][BF4] was completely selective. The reaction became much faster and somewhat less selective when conducted in... 

Applications. As medium foaming/hydrotropic surfactants, PEs can be used in detergent cleansing applications with the short chain alkyl esters being effective hydrotropes for nonionic surfactants. Application of PEs in detergents is relatively limited, due to their cost compared to a sulphate/sulphonate, or non-ionic but long chain diesters can be used as effective de-foamers in anionic systems. 

Monoalkyl phosphate and phosphate esters are special types of phosphoms-contain-ing anionic surfactants that are of great industrial importance. They are used for flameproofing, as antistatic for textiles, for foam inhibition, as an extreme pressure (EP) lubricant additive, as a surfactant component for alkaline, and as acid cleaners and for special cosmetic preparations (5). The commercially available phosphate ester products are complex mixtures of monoester and diester, free phosphoric acid, and free nonionic. 

The fatty acid esters of sorbitan (which generally are referred to as Spans, an Adas commercial trade name) and their ethoxylated derivatives (generally referred to as Tweens) are perhaps one of the most commonly used nonionics. They were first commercialised in the USA by Atlas (which has since been purchased by ICI). The sorbitan esters are produced by the reaction of sorbitol with a fatty acid at a high temperature (>200 °C). The sorbitol dehydrates to 1,4-sorbitan, after which esterification takes place. If 1 mol of fatty acid is reacted with 1 mol of sorbitol, a monoester is obtained (some diester is also produced as a byproduct). Thus, sorbitan monoester has the following general formula ... 

Nonionic Diesters. The homologous series of diesters from oxalate to sebacate were individually substituted for the succinate moiety in Polymer I. With the exception of the malonate- and adipate-containing polymers, the resulting polymers displayed very low peel strengths. The bond strengths of the malonate- and adipate-containing polymers were almost equal to that of Polymer I as shown in Figure 4. 

Glycerides, glucosides, saccharides, sorbitan derivatives, Tweens and Spans, etc. also belong to the class of nonionic surfactants. Mono- and diesters of fatty acids and multiatomic alcohols are oil soluble surfactants with low solubility in water. Sulfoesterification of these compounds followed by subsequent neutralization allows one to obtain water soluble surfactants. Many representatives of this group, such as sucrose esters, are non-toxic, tasteless and odorless, which makes them attractive for use in the pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries. 

The PEGs themselves show little surface activity, but when converted to mono- and diesters by reaction with fatty acids, they form a series of widely useful nonionic surfactants. The required balance of hydrophilic-hydrophobic character can be achieved by suitable combination of the molecular weight of the PEG and the nature of the fatty acid. For large-volume items a second production route of direct addition of ethylene oxide to the fatty acids is often preferred. End uses for the fatty esters are largely as textile lubricants and softeners and as emulsifiers in food products, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

CAS 9005-07-6 (generic) 52688-97-0 (generic) 134141-38-1 Synonyms 9-Octadecenoic acid, oxybis (2,1-ethanediyloxy-2,1-ethanediyl) ester PEG 200 dioleate POE (4) dioleate D ition PEG diester of oleic acid Empirical CwHeOy Prr erties Nonionic... 

Synonyms POE (9) dioleate Definition PEG diester of oleic acid Properties Nonionic... 

Dioctyidodecyl lauroyl glutamate CAS 82204-94-2 EINECS/ELINCS 279-917-5 Synonyms Bis (2-octyldodecyl) N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate N-(1-Oxododecyl)-L-glutamic acid, bis(2-octyldodecyl) ester Definition Diester of octyidodecanol and lauroyl glutamic acid Empirical C57H111NO5 Properties Nonionic... 

Disteareth-2 lauroyl glutamate Definition Diester of steareth-2 and lauroyl glutamic acid Empirical Cei H11 gN Og Properties Nonionic Uses Emulsifier, superfatting agent in cosmetics... 

Aj i n o m oto http //www. ajinomoto. co.jp] http //www.aJinomoto.com] Ajinomoto USA http //www.ajinomoto-usa.com] Nihon Emulsion http //www. nihon-emulsion. co.jp] Disteareth-5 lauroyl glutamate Definition Diester of steareth-5 and lauroyl glutamic acid Empirical C73H143NO15 Properties Nonionic Uses Emulsifier, emulsion stabilizer, superfatting agent in cosmetics Trade Name Synonyms Amiter LGS-5(H)... 

Definition Diester of glycerin and stearic acid Empiricai C39H76O5 Properties Nonionic Toxicoiogy TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier, coemulsifier, stabilizer, wetting agent, lubricant, and antistat in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods, industrial applies. infood-pkg. adhesives defoamerin food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles... 

Definition Mixture of mono- and diesters of a methyl glucoside and stearic acid Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Emollient, w/o emulsifier, vise, stability, mildness agent for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals... 

PEG-18 castor oil dioleate Synonyms POE (18) castor oil dioleate Definition Oleic acid diester of ethoxylated castor oil with avg. ethoxylation value of 18 Properties Nonionic Uses W/o emulsifier for cosmetics Trade Name Synonyms Marlowet LVS [Sasol Germany http //www.sasoi.com, http //www.sasoioiefinssurfactants. com, Sasol N. Am. http //www.sasoinorthamerica.com]-, Marlowet LVS/K t[Sasol N. Am. http //www.sasoinorthamerica.com]... 

CAS 9005-07-6 (generic) 52668-97-0 (generic) Synonyms Diethylene glycol dioleate PEG 100 dioleate POE (2) dioleate Definition PEG diester of oleic acid Properties Nonionic Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 1900 mg/kg Uses W/o emulsifier, dispersant, antistat for textiles, paper processing, cutting oils, polishes, emulsion cleaners, rubber latexes, wool lubricants... 

Synonyms PEG 200 ditallate POE (4) ditallate Definition PEG diester of tall oil acid Formula RCO-(OCH2CH2)nOCOR, RCO- rep. tall oil fatty radicals, avg. n = 4 Properties Nonionic... 

Synonyms PEG 300 ditallate Definition PEG diester of tall oil acid Properties Nonionic Uses Surfactant... 

Definition PEG ether of the diester of methyl glucose and oleic acid with avg. 120 moles of ethylene oxide Properties Nonionic... 

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