Dichlorinated compounds

Dibromine monoxide, BtjO, is prepared, similar to the corresponding dichlorine compound, by the action of a solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride on yellow mercury(II) oxide ... 

Note that the production of C is not stoichiometrically determined but that the relative amounts of B and C can be changed by varying the reaction conditions. Had C been stoichiometrically determined, as in the production of byproduct HCl when hydrocarbons are directly chlorinated, there is nothing that can be done short of very fundamental changes to the chemistry, e.g., using CIO2 rather than CI2. Philosophically, at least, this is a problem for a chemist rather than a chemical engineer. In the present example, component C is a secondary or side product such as a dichlorinated compound when... 

The chlorination of the antibacterial sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole was initiated by N-chlorination of the primary amine. Further reaction of the A,A-dichlorinated compound resulted in the final production of 3-amino-5-methyloxazole and 1,4-benzoquinone-imine (Dodd and Huang 2004). 

Also, linear or cross-linked polyphenylene of type 599 worked efficiently as catalyst in lithiation processes from functionalized chlorinated materials, dichlorinated compounds and benzofused cyclic ethers, with lithium powder in THF at —78 °C to room temperature. Yields are similar to those obtained in solution . 

Tri and tetrachlorinated compounds may also be formed. To prevent the excessive production of these polychlorinated derivatives, a butadiene/chlorine molar ratio approaching 6/1 maintained during the reaction, and the reaction mixture is diluted with nitrogen. Under these conditions, the selectivity of the dichlorinated components, for total conversion of chlorine, may be as high as 95 molar per cent The L4-dich2oro 2-butenes content in the mixture of the two dichlorinated compounds is about 60 per cent... 

Kilburn et at. determined that various methylenecyclopropyl ketones [33], ketals and aldehydes function as new precursors of six- or seven-membered carbocycles by a transformation from the cyclopropyl systems using Lewis acid catalysts [34]. The ring expansion reaction using TiCU predominantly gave the dichlorinating compounds however, the SnCU promoted reaction alternatively gave the corresponding monochloro-methylenecyclohexane derivatives (S cheme 10.13). 

Dichlorine monoxide is the anhydride of hypochlorous acid the two nonpolar compounds are readily interconvertible in the gas or aqueous phases via the equilibrium CI2 O + H2 0 2H0Cl. Like other chlorine oxides, CI2O has an endothermic heat of formation and is thus thermodynamically unstable with respect to decomposition into chlorine and oxygen. Dichlorine monoxide typifies the chlorine oxides as a highly reactive and explosive compound with strong oxidhing properties. Nevertheless, it can be handled safely with proper precautions. 

We next consider the synthesis and chemical reactions of the oxides of chlorine. Because the compounds are strongly endothermic and have large positive free energies of formation it is not possible to prepare them by direct reaction of CI2 and O2. Dichlorine monoxide, CI2O, is best obtained by treating freshly prepared yellow HgO and CI2 gas (diluted with dry air or by dissolution in CCI4) ... 

In contact with dichlorine oxide, calcium phosphide heats up, causing explosive decomposition of the chlorinated compound. 

A highly explosive liquid [1]. Early attempts failed to isolate it but prepared numerous other explosive compounds. Reaction of dichlorine hexoxide with silicon tetrachloride or tetrabromide gave an explosive solid, apparently a perchlorato oligosiloxane. Silver perchlorate and silicon tetrahalides in ether gave explosive volatile organics, perhaps ethyl perchlorate. Replacing ether by acetonitrile as solvent, a solid (di)acetonitrile adduct of the tetraperchlorate precipitated, described as exceptionally explosive even in the smallest quantities [2],... 

Dichlorine oxide Oxidisable materials Iodine pentafluoride Metals Iodine Metals Nitrosyl fluoride Metals Perchloric acid Antimony(III) compounds Potassium dioxide Metals Potassium permanganate Antimony, etc. 

Phenyl methyl ketone 1 was brominated to give l-phenyl-2-bromoethanone 2. Compound 2 was treated with methylsulfonic acid to yield the corresponding methylsulfonate 3. Etherification of 3 gave the a-benzyloxy derivative 4 and compound 4 was then chlorinated to give the 2,4-dichlorinated derivatives in both aromatic ring systems 5. Compound 5 reacted with imidazole in dimethylformamide to give miconazole 6 [7], which is converted to miconazole nitrate. 

This compound is sometimes represented as [C102+][C104 ] on the basis of its reactions. One additional oxide of chlorine needs to be described. That compound is dichlorine heptoxide, C1207 (m.p. -91.5 °C and b.p. 82 °C), which is produced when HC104 is dehydrated with P4O10. 

Sulfoxidation is usually carried out at an atmospheric pressure and the ratio of gaseous reactants S02 02 = 2 l [1-5]. The temperature of sulfoxidation depends upon the source of initiation. When the reaction is initiated by the UV light or 7-radiation [5,8-11], ozone [12-14], and dichlorine [5], it occurs at room temperature. Sulfoxidation initiated by peroxides or azo-compounds [13,15] occurs at elevated temperatures (320-360 K). 

The present procedure represents a modification of two previously published procedures,2 3 and results in a safer, more convenient preparation of the title compound. In Step A, the ratio of reagents has been adjusted to allow for the formation of only pentaerythrityl tetrachloride and trichlorohydrin none of the dichlorinated product is produced. Thus work up of the reaction is easier the product can be filtered rather than extracted, so minimal solvent is used, and the crude products are used in Step B, thus avoiding a tedious distillation. Step B has also been modified to make it safer and more convenient. The crude material from Step A is used, and addition of nitric acid over a longer period reduces the hazards of this step. Previously, it was noted that after the nitric acid was added in one portion and the mixture was heated, "a reaction became apparent, whereupon the flask was lowered rapidly into a waiting cold bath and the operator withdrew. 2 Step C is a more detailed modification of the procedure reported by the Russian workers3 as an improvement to the original method of Mooradian and Cloke.2 The latter used quinoline to catalyze the conversion of tris(chloromethyl)acetic acid to 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)propene. 

The need for great care to avoid the possibility of detonation of perchloryl compounds by exposure to shock, overheating or sparks is stressed. The compounds are generally more sensitive to impact than mercury fulminate and are of comparable sensitivity to lead azide [1], A range of highly explosive alkyl perchlorates [2] and perchlorylamines [3] have been prepared by interaction of dichlorine heptaoxide with alcohols or amines in carbon tetrachloride solution. The solutions of the products were not sensitive to mechanical shock and could... 

As reviewed by Fereira et al. [104], the reaction of estrogens, that is estrone, estradiol, and ethinylestradiol, with free chlorine occurs mainly via an electrophilic substitution at the ortho and para positions, which results eventually in cleavage of the aromatic structure. Several authors have reported that dichlorinated derivatives present less estrogenic activity than monochlorinated derivatives, and in most cases, estrogen DBFs are less potent in terms of estrogenicity than the parent compounds. 

The corresponding catalytic version of this reaction was performed using either naphthalene- or biphenyl-supported polymers 594 or 595, respectively, which were prepared by cross-coupling copolymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene or 4-vinylbiphenyl with vinyl-benzene and divinylbenzene promoted by AIBN in THF and polyvinyl alcohoP . These polymers have been used as catalysts (10%) in lithiation reactions involving either chlorinated functionalized compounds or dichlorinated materials in THF at —78°C and were re-used up to ten times without loss of activity, which is comparable to the use of the corresponding soluble arenes. 

Dichalcogen dihalides, chalcogen(II) compounds, 35 279-280 Dichloride monoxide, 5 47-52 properties of, 5 48 reactions of, 5 49-52 Dichlorine heptoxide, properties of, 5 70 chloryl fluroide from, 5 57 preparation of, 5 62 properties of, 5 48 reactions of, 5 62-66... 

Bertholite is the common name for dichlorine (CI2), atoxic gas that has been used as a chemical weapon. Why is bertholite most certainly a covalently bonded compound What is the most likely electron dot structure of this compound ... 

Dichlorine is CI2, a compound formed when one chlorine atom bonds to another. Because each atom in the compound is of the same element, the two atoms have the Scime electronegativity. The difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is zero, so the bond between the two chlorine atoms must be covalent. Another easy way to tell that the bond is covalent is to recognize that chlorine is a nonmetal and is bonded to itself and that two nonmetals bonded together usually form a covalent bond. The electron dot structure of dichlorine is in the following figure ... 

A. Dinitrogen monoxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and dichlorine octoxide. Notice that none of these compounds contain any metals, which means that they re most certainly molecular compounds. The first compound contains two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, so it s called dinitrogen monoxide. The second compound contains one sulfur and six fluorines. Because sulfur is the first named element, you don t need to include a mono- prefix. You simply name the compound sulfur hexafluoride (rather than monosulfur hexafluoride ). Using the same methods, the third compound is named dichlorine octoxide. 

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