Diazo dye

Barium chloride finds use in the production of barium colors, such as the diazo dyes barium hthol ted [50867-36-2] and barium salt of Red Lake C [5160-02-1], a mordant for acid dyes and dying of textiles. Other uses include aluminum refining and boiler water treatment. 

LC-TSP-MS without tandem mass capabilities has only met with limited success for additive analysis in most laboratories. Thermospray ionisation was especially applied between 1987 and 1992 in combination with LC-MS for a wide variety of compound classes, e.g. dyes (Fig. 7.31). Thermospray, particle-beam and electrospray LC-MS were used for the analysis of 14 commercial azo and diazo dyes [594]. No significant problems were met in the LC-TSP-MS analysis of neutral and basic azo dyes [594,595], at variance with that of thermolabile sulfonated azo dyes [596,597], LC-TSP-MS has been used to elucidate the structure of Basic Red 14 [598]. The applications of LC-TSP-MS and LC-TSP-MS in dye analysis have been reviewed [599]. 

Omar HH (2008) Algal decolorization and degradation of monoazo and diazo dyes. Pakistan J Biol Sci 11 (10) 1310—1316... 

Klabisiella sp. VN-31 Reactive Yellow 107, Reactive Red 198, Reactive Black 5, Direct Blue 71 Monoazo dyes RY107 and RR 198 were decolorized in 72 and 96 h the diazo dyes (RB5 and triazodye DB71) decolorized in 120 and 168 h [39]... 

Lucas MS, Amaral C, Sampaio A, Peres JA, Dias AA (2006) Biodegradation of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 by a wild isolate of Candida oleophila. Enzyme Microbial Technol 39 51-55... 

Ghodake G, Jadhav S, Dawkar V, Govindwar S (2009) Biodegradation of diazo dye Direct brown MR by Acinelobacler calcoaceticus NCIM 2890. Int Biodeter Biodegr. doi 10.1016/j. ibiod.2008.12.002... 

Junnarkar N, Murty DS, Bhatt NS, Madam war D (2006) Decolorization of diazo dye Direct Red 81 by a novel bacterial consortium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22 163-168... 

Bras R, Gomes A, Ferra MIA et al (2005) Monoazo and diazo dye decolorization studies in a methanogenic UASB reactor. J Biotechnol 115 57-66... 

Dye decolorizing potential of the WRF Ganoderma lucidum KMK2 was demonstrated for recalcitrant textile dyes. G. lucidum produced laccase as the dominant lignolytic enzyme during SSF of wheat bran, a natural lignocellulosic substrate. Crude enzyme shows excellent decolorization activity to anthraquinone dye Rema-zol Brilliant Blue R without redox mediator, whereas diazo dye Remazol Black-5 (RB-5) requires a redox mediator [43]. 

Cell immobilized cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and repeated-batch decolorization were reported by Yang and Yu [46]. Diazo-dye Red 533 was decolorized by PuF immobilized culture, and decolorization efficiency of 80% or higher was achieved within a period of 1 or 2 days. 

The decolorization of diazo dye RB5 by T. pubescens immobilized on stainless steel sponges in a fixed-bed reactor was studied [66]. Laccase production in the presence of RB5 reached its maximum value of 1,025 U/L. They found that decolorization was due to dye adsorption onto the fungus mycelium and dye decolorization by laccase enzymes produced by the fungus. 

Enayatzamir K, Alikhani HA, Couto SR (2009) Simultaneous production of laccase and decolorization of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 in a fixed bad reactor. J Hazard Mater 164 296-300... 

One of the first reports on yeast-mediated color removal by a putative process of biosorption of azo dyes by yeast (Rhodotorula sp.) biomass belongs to [31]. Yeast species such as Kluveromyces marxianus removed the diazo dye remazol black B [10], Candida catenulata and Candida kefyr removed more than 90% of amaranth by biosorption [6]. Biosorption uptake of the textile azo dyes remazol blue, reactive black, and reactive red by S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis varied according to the selected dye, dye concentration, and exposure time [5, 7]. In a recent screening work carried out by [32], from the 44 yeast strains tested for their decolorization ability, 12 of them removed the dye Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP by biosorption, among them the following were identified S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Torulopsis Candida, and Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. 

Diazotization and formation of diazo dyes affords a general approach to pre-column derivatization, to be followed by direct phase or RP-HPLC with UVD or FLD. Thus,... 

J. Luo and M. Hepel, Photochemical degradation of naphtol blue black diazo dye on W03 film electrode. Electrochim. Acta, 46 (2001) 2913-2922. 

Amino-l,2,4-thiadiazoles (129) are diazotised at — 10°C in phosphoric acid, and couple in the usual way with reactive aromatic compounds such as naphthol, giving moderate yields of diazo dyes <82AHC(32)285>. Diazotization of (129) (R = H and Ph) may be accomplished using aqueous sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. Treatment of the resulting salt with sodium azide yields the 3-azido derivative (130) (Equation (17)) <86CC800>. 

Functionalized diazo dye monomers, (II), were prepared by Hagting et aL (3) and used to prepare ophthalmic lenses that absorbed light between 400 and 550 nm. 

Reactions of this type have proved to be of considerable commercial significance in the industrial scale preparation of diazo dyes. Although the bulk of reactions involve copper... 

A photoresist pattern was deposited on a nonlinear diazo dye film and then oxygen etched to form a line of nonlinear and linear sections with a 32 pm QPM period. The upper surface was then planarized with a UV cured resin. A raised QPM +/0 channel waveguide was then formed with three more processing steps [104]. Despite the complexity of the fabrication, losses were below 3 dB cm 1 at 1.59 pm and a maximum SHG figure of merit of 4x10 % W 1 cm 2 was obtained [105,106]. 

Conventional treatment processes for these dyes prior to discharge involve ozonation. While a simple water-soluble monoazo dye such as A07 is easily oxidized by ozone, the larger diazo dyes such as NBB are difficult to destroy by ozonation. While oxidative ozonation is a popular treatment process, the sodium borohydride catalyzed reductive decolorization of these dyes is also used. The other example shown above, DB79, is water insoluble and is finding increased application in the dyeing of polyester and other synthetic fabrics. Traces of the disperse dye have been reported in river bed sediments in Quebec, Canada, receiving dye waste from upstream manufacturers. 

Nasr, C. Vinodgopal, K. Hotchandani, S. Kamat, P. V. Excited state and reduced forms of a textile diazo dye, Naphthol blue black. Spectral characterization using laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1997, 49, 159. 

Diazotization of 3-aminoisothiazolo[4,3-c]pyridine (197) with HONO gave the 3-diazonium salt (198) in good yield. Compound (198) was coupled with aromatic amines to give the diazo dyes (199) (Scheme 17) <80BRP2074565>. 

The list of literature describing the electron absorption spectra of nitroisothiazoles is also rather limited. Only few studies of the electron spectra of nitroisothiazoles are known [524, 1125, 1162-1164] some of them are presented in Table 3.65. In their spectra there are two maxima, one is fixed in the area of /.m ix 209-220 nm and the other is in the long-wave area (/w=263-278 nm) [524, 1125, 1163], The calculated /.m ix values for nitroisothiazole-based diazo dyes are in rather good agreement with the experimental data (536 and 558 nm, respectively) [1164],... 

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