Diabetes mellitus type risk factors

In a larger prospective study of 37,183 women with 10 years of followup, Liu et al. (2006) reported a reduction in the relative risk of type 2 diabetes in women with the highest quintile of dairy intake (relative risk 0.79, 95% confidence interval (Cl) [0.67-0.94]) after controlling for potential confounding and risk factors. A 4% reduction in risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus was quantified in this sample with each additional daily serving of dairy products. In a similar prospective study of 41,254 healthy males with 12 years of follow-up, Choi et al. (2005) report similar results, whereby highest quintiles of dairy intake were associated with a reduced relative risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (relative risk 0.77, 95% Cl [0.62-0.95]) with a 9% reduction in relative risk associated with each additional serving of dairy products... 

Gress, T. W., Nieto, F. J., Shahar, E., et al. 2000. Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. N Engl J Med 342 905-912. 

A BMI greater than 28 is an independent risk factor (3 times higher than the general population) for cardiovascular diseases (Chapter 20), diabetes mellitus type 2 (Chapter 22), and stroke. The prevalence of obesity-associated morbidity depends on the location of fat distribution in the body. Intra-abdominal or visceral fat deposits are associated with higher health risks than gluteofemoral adipose tissue fat accumulation. 

Cd exposure has recently been considered to be a risk factor linked to diabetes mellitus type-2. Edwards and Prozialeck [392] and Chen et al. [393] reviewed the... 

The risk of gout increases as the serum uric acid concentration increases, and approximately 30% of patients with levels greater than 10 mg/dL (greater than 595 pmol/L) develop symptoms of gout within 5 years. However, most patients with hyperuricemia are asymptomatic. Other risk factors for gout include obesity, ethanol use, and dyslipidemia. Gout is seen frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, but a causal relationship has not been established. 

Ryan, C.M., and D.J. Becker, Tlypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Risk factors, cognitive function, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 1999. 28(4) 883-900. 

Burge MR, Schmitz-Fiorentino K, Fischette C, Qualls CR, Schade DS. A prospective trial of risk factors for sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA I998 279(2) l 37 13. 

Britton ME, Denver AE, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS. Effects of glimepiride vs glibenclamide on ischaemic heart disease risk factors and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Invest 1998 16 303-17. 

Rosmond and Bjorntorp also addressed the potential effect of HPA axis activity on established anthropometric, metabolic, and hemodynamic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and stroke [112], Strong and consistent correlations were found not only within but also between different clusters of risk factors, including lipid profiles [110]. The close association to HPA axis abnormality may explain the previously reported powerful risk indication of abdominal obesity for the diseases mentioned under environmental stress challenges [112]. 

Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2004 24 3-20. Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 2003 37 917-923. Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Eatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology 1990 12 1106-1110. Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity. The adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals in the liver, 2nd edn. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 1999. Mason P. Cystic fibrosis - the disease. Hosptal Pharmacist 2005 12 201-207. Tolman KG, Eonseca V, Tan MH, et al. Narrative review hepatobiliary disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004 141 946-956. 

Obesity is a risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. This statement is currently being refined to the following form android type obesity, rather than gynoid type obesity, is a greater risk factor for these diseases. The question of why obesity is a risk factor for these diseases remains largely a mystery. 

Ravid M, Brosh D, Ravid Safran D, Levy Z, Rachmani R. Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Ann Intern Med 1998 158 998-1004. 

Markers of systemic inflammation (e.g., C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) have been proposed to be nontradi-tional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, which raises the possibility of the use of MMP-9 levels as a marker for future MI or UA. In vitro and animal studies suggest that thiazolidinediones can reduce the expression of these markers. Rosiglitazone reduces serum levels of MMP-9 and the proinflammatory marker CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes, which indicates potentially beneficial effects on overall cardiovascular risk. The management of UA and NSTEMI is covered in detail in Chap. 16. 

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