Detoxification thermal

In situ soil remediation with physical methods includes the in situ heating (in situ thermal treatment), ground-freezing, hydraulic fracturing, immobilization/stabilization, flushing, chemical detoxification, vapor extraction, steam extraction, biodegradation/bioremediation, electroosmosis/ electrokinetic processes, etc. 

Solar-grade silicon, production of, 22 507-508 Solar heat control, use of gold in, 12 703 Solarization effect, 19 203 Solar photocatalysis, 23 23-24 Solar photocatalytic detoxification, 19 76 Solar photocatalytic processes, 19 100-101 Solar photocatalytic reactor, using deposited titania, 19 99 Solar photoreactors, 19 95-99 Solar salt harvesting, 22 802, 806-808 Solar spectrum, 23 2 Solar still, 26 89-92 Solar thermal converters, 23 10-13 Solar transmittance, for thin films, 23 19 Solatene, 24 558 Solder, 3 53... 

T0446 IT Corporation, Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification T0449 IT Corporation, Thermal Desorption... 

The University of Dayton Research Institute has developed a photo-thermal detoxification unit (PDU) that can completely destroy vapor-phase organic contaminants from soil, sludge, and aqueous streams. The PDU is a patented technology that is available for licensing. Engineering plans for construction of a PDU are commercially available. The technology has not been demonstrated on a field scale but has been used in laboratory studies of simulated wastes. 

TABLE 1 Estimated Materials Costs for Photo-thermal Detoxification Unit... 

Table 1 contains 1995 estimated materials costs for a single photo-thermal detoxification unit chamber fitted with six 15-kW medium-pressure mercury lamps. Labor and licensing costs were not included (D117317, p. 9). 

Actions taken after a hazardous waste is generated. This clearly excludes any form of treatment (including detoxification, incineration, thermal, chemical or biological decomposition, stabilization through solidification, and embedding or encapsulation). 

Over the years, the electrochemical methods have proven to be highly effective in the detoxification of wastes, since unlike conventional physico-chemical techniques (e.g. thermal degradation or chemical oxidation) they provide mild reaction conditions, avoid the secondary pollution effects chained to the excess reagents and are easily adapted even to small-size treatment needs. 

Ultrasound is known for its capacity to promote heterogeneous reactions (Ley and Low, 1989) mainly through greatly increased mass transport, interfacial cleaning and thermal effects. In addition, homogeneous chemical reactions have been reported to be modified (Suslick et ai, 1983 Luche, 1990 Colarusso and Serpone, 1996) for example the sonochemical generation of radical species in aqueous media is important in environmental detoxification (Kotronarou et al., 1991 Serpone et al., 1994). 

Because it is impossible to completely avoid some degree of aflatoxin contamination, a variety of strategies for their detoxification in foodstuffs have been proposed. These strategies have included physical methods of separation, thermal inactivation, irradiation, solvent extraction, adsorption from solution, microbial inactivation, chemical methods of inactivation and fermentation. Two of these strategies are described in more detail below. 

Mechanism unknown Fe or Fe-S protein, e acceptor for detoxification of As(III), energy yield not clear Microorganisms associated with submerged macrophytes thermal stream, Hot Creek, CA, pH 8.3 in situ rates 0.3 87... 

In addition to essential fatty acids and vitamin E, dietary protein levels have been shown to play an important role in the toxicity of oxidized fats/oils. Witting et al. (1957), for example, observed an almost total lack of growth in rats fed a diet containing laboratory prepared heated com oil and 10% casein. With 20% casein in the diet, severe growth depression was still seen, but at 30% or more protein in the diet, only a mild effect was observed. While the mechanism of the protective effects of high dietary protein is not yet clear, it may be linked to an enhanced detoxification capability. Long-term feeding of thermally oxidized fats, for example, has been shown to be associated with an induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes (Andia and Street, 1975). 

The need for detoxification of commodities contaminated by trichothecene mycotoxins has been known to be of significance by Bamburg et al. (1971). The yellow rain controversy (Mirocha, 1983) has made the interest in trimethecenes world-wide. Stahr, et al. (1985) has shown that T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol can be volatilized and trapped for analysis. Thermally removing the toxins from commodities was attempted in this work. 

C5 hemicellulosic hydrolysates, produced by the NREL Clean Fractionation procedure, have been detoxified by methods related to the TVA detoxification procedure (Strickland and Beck, 1984). With the appropriate addition of an organic acid cosubstrate, levulinic acid, also produced from renewable feedstocks, we have produced P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymers possessing physical and chemical properties that are potentially useful for application as industrial bioplastics. Thermal characteristics and viscosity-derived molecular masses of a set of P(3HB-co-3HV) samples produced microbially from detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate and levulinic acid, are presented in Table 9.3. 

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