Detoxification, chemical

Because electrons are conserved, chemical detoxification of water containing either of these contaminants requires a substance that easily donates electrons. A suitable electron donor for groundwater cleanup must also be relatively inexpensive and must not itself be a source of toxicity. 

In situ soil remediation with physical methods includes the in situ heating (in situ thermal treatment), ground-freezing, hydraulic fracturing, immobilization/stabilization, flushing, chemical detoxification, vapor extraction, steam extraction, biodegradation/bioremediation, electroosmosis/ electrokinetic processes, etc. 

Chemical detoxification uses oxidation, reduction, neutralization, and hydrolysis to reduce the toxicity of the contaminants. The basic theory is similar to that of treating pumped groundwater. 

Exiting the Bloodstream. Medications, nutrients, and other substances are continuously leaving the bloodstream and entering other tissues or organs. They are free to reenter the bloodstream at any time and often do. The effect of the medication depends on where it exits. If it exits at the liver, the body s version of a waste treatment and chemical detoxification facility, then the medication is likely to be inactivated, that is, metabolized. If it exits at the kidney, then it will likely be excreted in urine. We ll describe this in more detail in the next section. 

Chemical detoxification of chlorinated aromahc compounds in soil... 

Chemical detoxification processes or decontamination will include degradation, destmction and/or inactivation of the mycotoxin. In any such process the reduction of the mycotoxin to safe levels should not result in toxic degradation products or reduce the palatability or nutritional properties of the commodities. Aflatoxin has been the subject of most studies and only a relatively small number of these offers any hope of success. There is as yet no FDA or EC fully approved method for aflatoxin detoxification in human foods. Current methods in advanced stages of approval use ammonia in the gaseous form or as an ammonium hydroxide solution at various temperatures, pressure, moisture contents and reaction time to degrade aflatoxins in various animal feedstuffs. There have been extensive studies using two processes, viz ... 

Yang Y-C (1999) Chemical Detoxification of Nerve Agent VX, Acc Chem Res 32 109-115... 

Conjugation of lipophilic xenobiotics to polar cellular constituents renders the xenobiotic more water-soluble. While the lipophilic parent xenobiotics could readily diffuse into the cells, the increase in polarity associated with conjugation greatly reduces the ability of the compound to diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane thus trapping the compound within the cell. The polar conjugates must therefore rely upon active transport processes to facilitate efflux from the cell. Hepatocytes, as well as other cells involved in chemical detoxification, are rich with members of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of active transport proteins (ABC transporters). Cellular efflux of xenobiotics by these transporters is often referred to as Phase III elimination because Phase I or II detoxification processes often precede and are a requirement of Phase III elimination. A detailed description and discussion of elimination and transporters is presented in Chapter 15. 

Yang, Y. (1999). Chemical detoxification of nerve agent VX. Accounts of Chemical Research 32 109-15. 

Radiiov, A.S. 2004. Toxicological and hygienic aspects of the problem of chemical detoxification of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. Available online at . Last accessed March 6, 2006. 

Cyanide hydrolyzing enzymes (i. e. reaction schemes 12.1-4 and 12.1-5) have, with the exception mentioned above, not been reported to hydrolyze organic nitriles and thus appear to be highly specific for inorganic cyanide. Therefore, they are mainly of interest in waste water treatment as a biological alternative to conventional chemical detoxification of cyanide by alkaline chlorination and will not be treated further. 

All these systems allow chemical reactions leading to decontamination to occur in either the aqueous or organic phase or both, depending on the respective partition coefficients of the CW agents in the systems in use. This confers the degree of flexibility that is necessary to meet successfully the diverse requirements for the chemical detoxification of a disparate group of chemicals encountered in a variety of situations. 

Decontamination is defined as the reduction or removal of chemical (or biological) agents so they are no longer hazards. Agents may be removed by physical means or be neutralized chemically (detoxification). Decontamination of skin is the primary concern, but decontamination of eyes and wounds must also be done when necessary. Decontamination can be further defined ... 

Protection and resolution Chemical detoxification Stress responses Cell repair Tissue repair... 

Worms, bacteria, and plants detox toxins by bonding them to sugar molecules. G. S. Stupp et al. Chemical detoxification of small molecules by Caenorhabditis elegans. 2013. ACS Chem Biol. 8(2), p. 309. DOl 10.1021/cb300520u. 

Bae, H., Herman, E., and Sicher, R. (2005). Endogenous trehalose promotes non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and induces chemical detoxification and stress response proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in liquid culture. Plant Sci. 168, 1293-1301. 

Taking into account all these conditions, a two-stage method for destruction of mustard gas has been chosen [3,4]. The initial stage is chemical detoxification of the agent by reaction with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. Methyl alcohol was selected as solvent because of the following factors the accessibility and low cost of technical methanol... 

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