Growth depression

Deficiency or Toxicity in Humans. Molybdenum deficiency in humans results in deranged metaboHsm of sulfur and purines and symptoms of mental disturbances (130). Toxic levels produce elevated uric acid in blood, gout, anemia, and growth depression. Faulty utiH2ation results in sulfite oxidase deficiency, a lethal inborn error. 

Dietary copper also appears to be antagonistic to the adverse effects of lead on the hematopoietic system, growth depression, and tissue hypertrophy (Klauder and Peterini 1975). The reduction in uptake of lead and decrease of lead-induced ALAD inhibition upon administration of copper may be achieved through a competition between the two metals for binding to proteins (Underwood 1977). 

Besides an anticlastogenic activity, some HS appear to possess also an antitoxic activity, i.e., they were able not only to suppress plant growth depression caused by MH and ALA, but also stimulate growth. Peat, leonardite and alluvial soil HS yielded the best results also for the antitoxic activity. 

As 3 or As 5 Fed diets of 120-1600 mg As/kg for 8 weeks Growth depression, food avoidance, and impaired feed efficiency at all levels 9... 

After 5 weeks, growth depression, anemia, mandibular exostoses some deaths at lifetime exposures (12)... 

Two studies (44,63) had shown that growth performance and nitrogen retention efficiency of chicks were severely reduced by the inclusion of raw full fat winged bean seeds at rates of up to 400g/kg in semi-purified diets. Heat treatment of winged beans prior to dietary incorporation results 1n reversal of the growth depression and increases the efficiency of food utilization. 

In acute animal studies, the concentrations that killed at least 70% of animals with an 8-hour exposure were 170 ppm for mice, 700 ppm for cats, 2000 ppm for rabbits, and 4000-6000 ppm for rats. Symptoms included inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose, followed by central nervous system depression and death ftom respiratory failure. Repeated exposure of rats 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks caused skin and eye irritation and growth depression at 40 ppm at 160 and 62 5 ppm, it resulted in loss of hair, morphologic liver damage, and increased mortality. "... 

When ingested by rats In20s was practically non toxic incorporated in the diet 8% for 3 months caused no effects on growth mortality or tissue morphology. InCls caused marked growth depression at 4% in the diet over the same period. 

It is important to prevent the oxidation of edible fats and oils and of foods that contain oils to maintain their quality and safety. Oxidation of fats and oils can be initiated by heat, light, and metals in the fats and oils. The oxidation products from oils, which include hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides, decompose to produce a variety of volatile compounds, which result in undesirable flavors and odors in oils (131-134). Oils damaged by oxidation also have been reported to cause biological problems, such as diarrhea, growth depression, and tissue damage in living organisms. 

Zinc 2-3 g 15 mg > 160 enzymes in main metabolic pathways, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, immune system Occurs in Iran, Egypt TPN, genetic disease, traumatic stress growth depression, delayed sexual maturation, skin lesions, depression of immunocompetence, change of taste acuity Unlikely except from prolonged therapeutic use can interfere with Fe and Cu metabolism... 

Rye-type growth depression in chicks fed pectin has been reported (21). Significant levels of pectin were reported to be present in rye grain (22) (as high as 8%). In our laboratory no... 

Some studies describe interactions of inorganic tin and organotin compounds with other chemicals which either increase or decrease the toxicological properties of the tin compounds. Iron and copper lessen the effects of growth depression and decreased hemoglobin seen in rats fed stannous chloride at high doses for 4-13 weeks (DeGroot 1973). Tin also interacts with other essential metals. In bioavailability studies in humans, zinc uptake was decreased when tin, iron, and zinc were administered in equal doses (Solomon et al. 1983). 

The physiology of metal toxicity in plants has been reviewed by Foy et al. (1978). The most widely described effects of metal toxicity in plants are inhibited root growth, depressed shoot and leaf growth, and general chlorosis of the younger leaves (Bradshaw and McNeilly, 1981 Baker and Walker, 1989). Literature on the relative toxicities of different metals to different species is limited to a few, mostly species-specific studies. 

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