Determination of bromide

SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BROMIDES AND IODIDES IN BROMIDE-PREVALENCE... 

The method may be illustrated by the determination of bromide details for the preparation of the potassium tetracyanonickelate are given in Section 10.58. 

Similar remarks apply to the determination of bromides the Mohr titration can be used, and the most suitable adsorption indicator is eosin which can be used in dilute solutions and even in the presence of 0.1 M nitric acid, but in general, acetic (ethanoic) acid solutions are preferred. Fluorescein may be used but is subject to the same limitations as experienced with chlorides [Section 10.77(b)], With eosin indicator, the silver bromide flocculates approximately 1 per cent before the equivalence point and the local development of a red colour becomes more and more pronounced with the addition of silver nitrate solution at the end point the precipitate assumes a magenta colour. 

Discussion. These anions are both determined as silver bromide, AgBr, by precipitation with silver nitrate solution in the presence of dilute nitric acid. With the bromate, initial reduction to the bromide is achieved by the procedures described for the chlorate (Section 11.56) and the iodate (Section 11.63). Silver bromide is less soluble in water than is the chloride. The solubility of the former is 0.11 mg L 1 at 21 °C as compared with 1.54 mg L 1 for the latter hence the procedure for the determination of bromide is practically the same as that for chloride. Protection from light is even more essential with the bromide than with the chloride because of its greater sensitivity (see Section 11.57). 

Fukushi and Hiro [26] have described a capillary-type isotachoelectrophoretic method for the determination of bromide in seawater. 

HunterG. 1955. Micro-determination of bromide in body fluids. Biochem J 60 261-264. 

Fabre, H., Blanchin, M. D., and Bose, N. (1999). Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of bromide, chloride and sulfate as impurities in calcium acamprosate. Anal. Chim. Acta 381, 29-37. 

Stalberg, O., Sander, K., and Sanger-van de Griend, C. (2002). The determination of bromide in a local anaesthetic hydrochloride by capillary electrophoresis using direct UV detection.. Chromatogr. A 977, 265-275. 

The potentiometric determination of bromide anions with ion-selective electrodes is possible with commercial electrodes that are commonly based on solid Ag2S—AgBr ion conductor membranes [148-150]. Recently, a novel liquid film sensor has been proposed by Ganjali etal. [151] Determination of bromide was reliable without significant interference from common ions such as chloride and iodide, and was reported down to a micromolar level. The electroactive species in the liquid membrane... 

The widespread use of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant for crop protection has necessitated the development of a specific method for the determination of bromide and total bromine in soils subsequent to fumigation. 

Van Staden [4,5] employed flow injection analysis coupled with a coated tubular solid-state bromide-selective electrode for the determination of bromide in soils. Soil-extracted samples are injected into 10 mol/1 potassium nitrate carrier solution containing 1000 mg/1 chloride as an ionic strength adjustment buffer. The sample buffer zone formed is transported through the bromide selective electrode onto the reference electrode. The method is applicable in the range 10-50 000 mg/1 bromide. The coefficient of variation of this method is better than 1.6%. 

A method has been described [6] for the determination of bromide in grain. In this method, bromide ion is allowed to react selectively with ethylene oxide to form 2-bromoethanol, which is separated and determined by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. In calibration tests of this method carried out over seven laboratories on standard grains and maize containing 50 mg/kg bromide, interlaboratory standard deviations of between 6.4 and 6.2 mg/kg were obtained. Mean rates of recovery were in the range of 92-109%. 

Part 1 determination of total bromide as inorganic bromide Part 2 determination of bromide. 

International Standard Organization. 2007. Water quality. Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions. Part 1 Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate. ISO 10304-1. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

This technique has found limitations in the determination of bromide mixed halides, iodide, iodate, nitrite, nitrate, sulphide, sulphite, thiocyanate, thiosulphate and isobutyrate in non saline waters. 

The hydrobromic acid used was twice-distilled, constant-boiling acid. Triplicate gravimetric analyses of the stock solution of aqueous HBr (about 3M) agreed to within 0.01%. The tetraethylammonium bromide (Eastman Kodak Co.) was recrystallized twice from benzene-ligroin mixtures, as recommended by Unni et al. (18). The molality of the stock solution (about AM) was standardized by gravimetric determination of bromide and was accurate to within 0.02%. 

Fig. 2.3. Direct determination of bromide in sea water by liquid column-chromatography (ion-exchange) and potentio-metric detection, bromide content 60 ppm, chloride content 20,000 ppm (after Franks and PuUen 1974, Ref. 29))...

The determination of bromide is, in general, based either on indirect methods, or on methods involving preliminary oxidation to bromine. The bromine formed participates in subsequent bromination or oxidation reactions to give coloured products. The bromination of Phenol... 

Divjak, B., Novic, M., and Goessler, W., Determination of bromide, bromate and other anions with ion chromatography and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as element-specific detector,... 

Angerer J (1977) Eine Methode zur Bromidbestim-mung im Horn mit Hilfe einer ionsensitiven Elek-trode. [A method for determination of bromide in urine with help of ionsensitive electrode]. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 15 201-204. 

Fukushi K, Watanabe K, Takeda S, Wakida SI, Yamane M, Higashi K and Hiiro K (1998) Determination of bromide ions in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis using diluted artificial seawater as the buffer solution. J Chromatogr A 802 211-217. 

Buchberger W (1988) Determination of bromide and iodide by ion chromatography with post column reaction. J Chromatogr 439 129—135. 

P. I. Auagnostopoulou and M. A. Koupparis, Automated Flow-Injection Phenol Red Method for Determination of Bromide and Bromide salts in Drugs. Anal. Ghent., 58 (1986) 322. 

T. Anfalt and S. Twengstrom, The Determination of Bromide in Natural Waters by Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 179 (1986) 453. 

The catalytic effect of bromide on the oxidation of iodine to iodate by permanganate in acidic medium was utilized for the determination of bromide with a piezoelectric crystal detector (99). 

Hu, W., Haddad, P. R., Hasebe, K., Tanaka, K., Tong, P. Khoo, C. (1999). Direct Determination of Bromide, Nitrate, and Iodide in Saline Matrixes Using Electrostatic Ion Chromatography with an Electrolyte as Eluent. Anal. Chem., Vol.71, pp 1617-1620, ISSN 0003-2700... 

Maros, L., Kaldy, M. Igaz, S. (1989). Simultaneous Determination Of Bromide And Iodide As Acetone Derivatives By Gas Chromatography And Electron Capture Detection In Natural Waters And Biological Fluids. Anal. Chem., Vol. 61, 733-735, ISSN 0003-2700... 

G. Chiu and R. D. Eubanks, Spectrophotometric determination of bromide, Mikrochim. Acta, 1989,11,145-148. 

Consecutive iodometric determination of bromide and iodide in one solution... 

Direct determination of bromide ions is possible in a range between 0.01 and 15 mg/1 and determination of iodide ions in a range between 0.005 and 5 mg/1 of the water sample. If lower concentrations of these ions are to be determined, a larger quantity of water must be concentrated by evaporation under alkaline conditions. 

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