Volume determinant

Experimentally Determined Volumes Delivered by a 10-mL Class A Pipet... 

These theorems are useful for determining volumes V and surface areas S of solids of revolution if the centers of gravity are known. If S and V are known, the centers of gravity may be determined. 

The definitions above are an abbreviated version of those used in a veiy complex and financially significant exercise with the ultimate goal of estimating resei ves and generating production forecasts in the petroleum industry. Deterministic estimates are derived largely from pore volume calculations to determine volumes of either oil nr gas in-place (OIP, GIP). This volume when multiplied by a recovery factor gives a recoverable quantity of oil or natural gas liquids—commonly oil in standard barrels or natural gas in standard cubic feet at surface conditions. Many prefer to use barrels of oil equivalency (BOE) or total hydrocarbons tor the sum of natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGL), and oil. For comparison purposes 6,000 cubic feet of gas is considered to be equivalent to one standard barrel on a British thermal unit (Btu) basis (42 U.S. gallons). 

Commodity-oriented models focus more on the market interfaces in sales and procurement and consider less complexity in the supply chain determining volumes and values in the value chain integration with production planning and chemical-specifics often not modeled... 

This activity challenges any misconceptions you might have about what determines volume as it answers the question "Can one object have a greater mass than another and yet have the same volume " this activity and find out. 

Thus far developed is the need tor dilution water, arithmetic for determining volumes and a simple but unique approach to low dilution water use rates incorporating the volumes of water retained internal to the process. It also is necessary to develop the need for an economical, simple method of water injection, dispersion and mixing. 

The sampling probe shall be positioned pointing into the airflow. If the direction of the airflow being sampled is not controlled or predictable (e.g., nonunidirectional airflow), the inlet of the sampling probe shall be directed vertically upward. At a minimum, sample the above-determined volume of air at each sampling location. 

For porous solids such as coal, there are five different density measurements true density, apparent density, particle density, bulk density, and in-place density. The true density of coal is the mass divided by the volume occupied by the actual, pore-free solid in coal. However, determining mass of coal may be deemed as being rather straightforward, but determining volume presents some difficulties. Volume, as the word pertains to a solid, cannot be expressed universally in a simple definition. Indeed, the method used to determine volume experimentally, and subsequently, the density, must be one that applies measurement rules consistent with the adopted definition. 

In analytical work on speciation, methods of wet sample preparation are very important parts of the overall scheme of analysis. Constraints on preparation methods include low concentrations of analytes, often less than 0.1 mgg-1, stabilities of the analytes, and the need for suitable solutions for instrumental techniques of elemental determinations. Volume of sample and type of matrix must be considered. Procedures for the quantitative recoveries of organometallic compounds from sediments and organic matrices can be time-consuming. Their efficiencies and reliabilities must be thoroughly tested for each type of sample for analysis. 

If necessary larger size samples can be transferred in volumes up to 2 ml. The sample is pipetted onto the glass wood plug in a dropwise manner and allowed to soak in. The sides are then rinsed down with 0.5 ml of eluting solvent and allowed to sink in. The column is then eluted with the determined volume of solvent. 

It is clear that the occurrence of visible etch patterns provides evidence for the violation of the condition of an equal accessibility of the rotating disc surface. Therefore, when investigating the dissolution process, the diameter of a disc is to be chosen in such a way as to ensure that, for the pre-determined volume of a liquid, the depth of dissolution of the disc should not exceed a critical value for that particular system. 

Carotenoid analysis was determined spectrophotometrically using methods from Sandmann.36 Under dim light, 20 mL of methanol containing 6% KOH was added to 40 mg of leaf material and heated to 60°C for 20 min. The methanol extract was poured into a separatory funnel with 10 mL of 10% diethyl ether (petroleum ether). 10 mL of saturated NaCI solution was added. The upper layer was collected, and the lower one was re-extracted with another 10 mL of diethyl ether/petrol. Total carotenoid content was determined in the combined upper layers by determining volume and measuring optical absorbance at 445 and 550... 

The volumetric adsorption experiment [6] shown in Figure 6.2 consists of a thermostated sample cell of volume Vg at an experimental temperature, T, a container with a precisely determined volume, named the calibrated volume, Vc, a connection to the gas reservoir, and a transducer for pressure measurement. In addition, the volume at stopcock 3, at ambient temperature, Tv and the thermostat is denoted V2, and the volume between stopcocks 1, 2, and 3, also at ambient temperature, Tr, is denoted Vt. 

List sources of error in making weighing measurements to determine volume in this manner. 

Nasal sprays are available as squeeze bottles, which would not be expected to give reproducible dosing. They are also available as metered-dose devices, which would be expected to give more reproducible dosing, as a mechanical actuation delivers a pre-determined volume to the patient. Thus the dose of drag received by the patient will be dependent on the concentration of drag in the formulation. Commercial examples of metered-dose sprays include Syntaris, Beconase and Rhinocort which deliver flunisolide, beclomethasone and budesonide respectively. 

The mass balance is calculated by determining volumes by gravimetric and drug concentrations in both the retentate and ultrafiltrate. 

An important consideration when determining volume is to ensure adequate space to accommodate the suspension of cells, the test compound, and one or more assay reagent. For assay protocols that use motion-induced mixing, the total volume may need to be lower to prevent loss of fluid and crosscontamination of wells. Changes in the surface-to-volume ratio of the culture medium may be important to consider when miniaturizing assays. For some fluorescence plate readers, the depth of medium may also be important and adjustments to the focal plane of the excitation light source may be necessary. 

The meniscus of a liquid is the curve of a liquid that is formed due to certain forces that exist. When reading a burette, the meniscus is of utmost importance in determining volume. 

In light of the answers to the Problems 2.178-2.181, state why the method of determining volume of irregularly shaped objects in Figure 2.2 would not work for sugar crystals. 

A pre-determined volume of sample is removed by the robotic arm from the vial in the sampling tray and placed in the reaction cuvette. 

The A2 mechanism can be excluded with certainty for the hydrolyses of all orthoesters discussed. This is done on the basis of the determined volume of activation, AF = +2.4 cm3 (Table 1) for ethyl orthoformate [32], on the basis of the strongly increased rate in comparison to orthoformate (no steric hindrance) for orthoacetate and orthopropionate, and on the basis of the results of experiments with added nucleophiles for orthobenzoate [183] and orthocarbonate [192]. The observed AS values (Table 12) are in agreement with these conclusions. Consequently, the mechanism of orthoester hydrolysis must be either A1 or A-SE2, or possibly a concerted process with proton transfer and carbonium ion formation in the same step. 

An object s volume is the space the object occupies. For example, this book has volume because it takes up space. Volume can be determined in several different ways. The method used to determine volume depends on the nature of the matter being examined. The book s volume can be found by multiplying the book s length, width, and height. Graduated cylinders are often used in laboratories to measure the volume of liquids, as shown in Figure 6. The volume of a gas is the same as that of the container it fills. 

Determine volume ratios for gaseous reactants and products by using coefficients from a chemical equation. 

Once the factor for a solution is known (i.e. once the solution has been standardised), multiplication of the experimentally determined volume by the factor will yield what the volume would have been if the solution had been precisely the nominal molarity (i.e. if the factor had been 1.000). In practice, very few volumetric solutions are factor 1.000 this is due, in the main, to the time that would be taken to weigh out a sample to four decimal places. Volumetric solutions are usually prepared by weighing out approximately the desired weight of sample, then standardising the resulting solution against a solution of known concentration. 

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