Detergents introduction

Sodium sulfate is also used as a filler in powdered soap and detergents. Introduction of Hquid detergents, in which Na2S04 is not used, has also resulted in lower consumption of the sulfate. 

Sulfation and Sulfonation. a-Olefin reactions involving the introduction of sulfur-containing functional groups have commercial importance. As with many derivatives of olefins, several of these products have appHcations in the area of surfactants (qv) and detergents. Typical sulfur reagents utilized in these processes include sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide, and sodium bisulfite. 

The introduction of surfactant products into the environment, after use by consumers or as part of waste disposed during manufacture, is regulated by the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. In this respect, surfactants are subject to the same regulations as chemicals in general. There are, however, two areas of specific relevance to surfactants and detergent products, ie, biodegradabiUty and eutrophication. 

Cess Pools This system is similar to a septic tank, in performance. Sewage water usually seeps through the open bottom and portholes in the sides of the walls. These can also clog up with overuse and the introduction of detergents and other material which slow up the bacterial action. 

The introduction of concentrated laundry detergent powders in Japan during 1986-1987 produced a substantial increase in the consumption of LAB in the subsequent 3-4 years as the market changed from low-density, spray-dried powders to the concentrated (compact) products. In these products, which may contain up to 40% surfactant, the cost/performance advantages of LAS are of significance. In addition, LAB sulfonic acid is well suited for the production of high-active, high-density (about 1.0 g/cm3) laundry powders by routes other... 

Introduction of chemical sensors for water quality monitoring. This includes parameters like turbidity, color, surface tension, detergent concentrations, pH-value etc. Optoelectronic systems are used to monitor the turbidity of washing water, which then determines the number of rinsing cycles (aqua-sensor system). 

Since their commercial introduction during the 1940s as components of proprietary detergents and laundry preparations, these products have found extensive usage in the whitening of paper and textile materials. Disperse FBAs are available for whitening hydrophobic fibres and solvent-soluble FBAs impart fluorescence to oils, paints, varnishes and waxes. Approximately 75% of commercially established FBAs are stilbene derivatives with inherent substantivity for paper and cellulosic textiles, but the remainder come from about twenty different chemical classes. These include aminocoumarins (6%), naphthalimides (3%), pyrazoles and pyrazolines (each about 2%), acenaphthenes, benzidine sulphones, stilbene-naphthotriazoles, thiazoles and xanthenes (each about 1%). FBAs of these and other chemical types are discussed in detail in Chapter 11 of Volume 2. 

Investigation of the pronounced resistance of ABS to microbial degradation demonstrated that the branched alkyl chain derived from tetrapropylene was responsible for the longevity of ABS in the aquatic environment [74], Shortly after this discovery, the surfactant industry reacted and made attempts—in some countries additionally forced by legal restrictions—to provide an alternative surfactant with comparable functional properties, but with inherent biodegradability. The outcome was the introduction of LAS on the detergent market. After the switch from ABS to LAS in almost all nations in the mid 1960s, a substantial drop in the levels of ABS was observed [8],... 

The purpose of this article is to review studies carried out on hemes incorporated inside the micellar cavity, and examine the effect of micellar interaction on the electronic and structural properties of the heme. A comparison of these results with those on the metalloproteins is clearly in order to assess their suitability as models. The article begins with a general introduction to micellar properties, the incorporation of hemes in the micellar cavity, and then discusses results on hemes inside the micelles with different oxidation and spin states, and stereochemistry. The experimental techniques used in the studies on these aqueous detergent micelles are mostly NMR and optical spectroscopy. The present article has therefore a strong emphasis on NMR spectroscopy, since this technique has been used very extensively and purposefully for studies on hemes inside micellar cavities. 

Introduction to the variety of types of surfactants, effect of surfactants on aqueous solution properties. Law of mass action applied to the self-assembly of surfactant molecules in water. Spontaneous self-assembly of surfactants in aqueous media. Formation of micelles, vesicles and lamellar structures. Critical packing parameter. Detergency. Laboratory project on determining the charge of a micelle. 

With the introduction of fuel injected vehicles during the mid-1980s, it was found that some carburetor/fuel injector detergents actually contributed to the formation of deposits on intake valves, especially when used at high concentrations. For this reason, it became necessary to determine whether fuel detergents contributed to IVD problems or helped to prevent IVD deposits. 

A number of additional applications of the ideas of this chapter could be profitably considered if space permitted. Included among these are adhesives, lubricants, waterproofing, and the recovery of oil from the pores of rocks. Like detergency and flotation, these topics involve a variety of surface and colloid phenomena. The interested reader will find an introduction to these fields in some of the references listed at the end of this chapter, especially Adamson (1990), Davies and Rideal (1961), and Osipow (1962). 

---