Detector Modules

This module accounts for the detector response to the time constant, which is common for all kinds of detectors. A detector s time resolution is limited by its response to an instantaneous change of the input signal. In the simulator, the detected interferograms are calculated as 

Although it has yet to be modelled in FllnS, cosmic ray strikes on the detector are relatively common and create a spike in an interferogram, and it can take several time constants for the detector to return to normal operation. 

It is important to remove cosmic ray spikes from the interferograms before the data processing, because Fourier transforming an interferogram containing a cosmic ray spike will result in a high frequency sinusoidal modulation added to the recovered spectra. 

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The pigging tool is configured as a two sections vehicle composed of a "Driving Module" and a "Detector Module". 

In multi-residue analysis, an analyte is identified by its relative retention time, e.g., relative to aldrin when using ECD or relative to parathion or chlorpyrifos when using a flame photometric detection (FPD) and NPD. Such relative retention times are taken from corresponding lists for the columns used. Further evidence for the identity of an analyte is provided by the selectivity of the different detectors (Modules D1 to D3), by its elution behavior during column chromatography (Modules Cl and C2) and in some cases even by the peak form in a gas chromatogram. In a specific analysis for only some individual analytes, their retention times are compared directly with the corresponding retention times of the analytes from standard solutions. 

Steve Kruse of the City of Lincoln, Nebraska, Waste-water Treatment Plant Laboratory examines a faulty detector module taken from the flow injection analysis system in use in the laboratory. 

A schematic diagram of the demonstrator chemical analysis system is given in Fig. 24. The MCB comprises three in/outlets, two micro-pumps, two flow sensors and an optical absorption detector module. The purpose is to measure chemical reaction products by detection of the (spectral) absorption intensity. Sample and reagent liquids are mixed in the appropriate amounts on-board (currently the actual mixing takes place during the propagation in channels) and the optical absorption is measured at the detector side. 

The packing density of a detector module is further improved in US-A-4551629 in which silicon chips are stacked to create a focal plane to which photo-detectors are mounted. 

In US-A-4618763 a detector module is disclosed which is formed of stacked multi-channel integrated circuits, a detector array and a module header interface. The detector array and the module header interface are disposed transverse to the plane of the integrated circuits on opposite edge portions of the integrated circuits. Each integrated circuit is formed in a semiconductor material which has been deposited upon a thin sapphire wafer. 

HPLC analysis was performed with a Beckman system equipped with DA detector module using a RP 18 column. Detection was performed at 280 nm. Calculation of concentrations was based on external standard curves with the corresponding compounds. Each experiment was triplicated. 

The lay-out of the detector is shown in Fig. 6. Two layers of 16 silicon strip detector modules each for charged particle tracking and vertex reconstruction are surrounded by a cylinder constructed of 16 rows of 12 Csl (pure) crystals for the detection of the two 511 keV 7-rays. This arrangement gives a large solid angle coverage for both particle types and a sufficiently fine resolution for vertex reconstruction. 

The two layers of charged particle detectors each consist of sixteen doublesided silicon microstrip detector modules 162 mm long, 19 mm wide, and 380 Uva thick. These are constructed from two 81 mm long double sided detectors (n-bulk), produced by SINTEF, Norway. Each detector has 128 p+ readout strips with two floating intermediate strips (for the measurement of < ) and 128 n+ pads on the opposite side (for the measurement of z). The floating intermediate strips... 

THE COMPONENTS FOR PRODUCING DETECTORS, MODULATORS, TRANSFORMERS OF RADIATION USING FILM COMPOSITIONS WITH NANOCRYSTALS... 

A gas chromatograph (Yanaco G-3810) was equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID). Molecular Sieve 5A and Porapak Q were used for CO and Hj analysis in the TCD and CH4 and C2H4 analysis in the FID, respectively. Soluble products such as CH3OH, CH3CHO, and CjHjOH were analyzed by the FID after electrolysis for 5 h. Formate ions and other anions in the solution were analyzed by means of an ion chromatograph (Dionex DX-lOO) equipped with an anion exchange column (lonPac ICE-ASl), an anion exchange micromembrane suppressor, and a conductivity detector module. 

Extremely quiet and rapid monochromators are now available from numerous vendors. As covered in detail in Chapter 2, top-notch monochromators (grating and interferometer), diode arrays, accousto-optic tunable filters, as well as modern interference-filter instruments now exist. Fiber optic probes, multiple detector modules, and transmission attachments all lend themselves to superior sample handling of powders and solid dosage forms. 

The conventional TCD is configured with the filaments being connected to form a Wheatstone bridge. A property of the Wheatstone bridge is common mode rejection of the noise which is primarily due to the electronics (l.e. power supply stability and the amplifier circuit). The TCD noise spectrum resembles white (shot) noise rather than the 1/f (flicker) noise of ionization detectors. Modulation techniques for noise rejection of white noise is no better than a simple Wheatstone bridge. 

Apparatus F. M. model 300 gas chromatograph, attached to a column oven and detector module of an F. M. model 400, fitted with an... 

Figure 6.12. Detailed drawings of (a) The injection valve module (b) reactor module R1 comprising one mixing tee (c) reactor module R2 comprising two mixing tees and (d) reactor module R3, which, designed for titrations, comprises a gradient tube and and a mixing tee (cf. Figs. 4.62 and 4.63). The reactors, valve, and flow cell modules, as well as additional electrochemical detector modules, are interchangeably accommodated on an elastic back-plate so that the versatility of the miniaturized FIA lab system can be further expanded.

Other thermal zones, which should be thermostatted separately from the column oven, include the injector and detector modules. These are generally insulted metal blocks fitted with cartridge heaters and controlled by sensors located in a feedback loop with the power supply. Detector blocks are usually maintained at a temperature selected to minimize detector contamination and to optimize the detector response to different sample types. The requirements for injectors may be different depending on their design, and may include provision for temperature programmed operation. 

An NDD FLIM detector upgrade kit for the Zeiss LSM 510 NLO is shown in Fig. 5.77. The kit is available with one or two R3809U MCP PMTs or one or two H5773-based detector modules. 

A nondescanned ( direct ) FLIM detection module with two wavelength channels was developed for the Radiance 2000 microscope from Biorad. The detector module contains computer-controlled dichroic beamsplitters and filters, preamplifiers, and overload shutdown of the detectors. The preamplifiers simultaneously deliver photon pulses to a Becker Hickl SPC-830 TCSPC and intensity signals to the standard steady-state recording electronics. Unfortunately all Radiance scanning microscopes were discontinued in 2004. 

Detector modules with internal diseriminators, sueh as the Hamamatsu H7421 PMT modules or the Perkin Elmer SPCM-AQR single photon APD modules, deliver stable output pulses without amplitude jitter. The timing performance is defined by the internal diseriminator of the deteetor module, not by the CFD of the TCSPC device. Thus changing the CFD eonfiguration does not improve the time resolution of these detectors. 

I. Rech, G. Luo, M. Ghioni, H. Yang, X.S. Xie, S. Cova, Photon-timing detector module for single-molecule spectroscopy with 60-ps resolution, IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 10, 788-795 (2004) R.W. Redmont, Introduction to fluorescence and photophysics, in M.-A. Mycek, B. W. Pogue (eds.), Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, Basel, 1-27 (2003)... 

Kim, K. H., Bai, J. H., Whang, J. H., Jun, I. S. 2008. Development of alpha detector module based on large area PIN photodiode. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology Supplement 5 417-420. 

The geometric area of each detector module is about 9 by 14 cm about 70% of this area is active. The nominal position resolution of the detector is 1 mm full-width at half maximum (FWHM) at 6 keV (where the response function peaks), and improves with the square root of photon energy. The FOVs of both X- and Y-instruments are approximately 90x90 square degrees, and the overlap between the X- and Y- FOVs is about 90%, The spcctrai resolution is better than 20% FWHM at 6 keV. 

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