Sensor locations

An active magnetic axial bearing consists of two stators and a rotor disk (Figure 6-4). A sensor located at the end of the shaft monitors and maintains the rotor position between the two stators. The principle of operation is the same for both axial and radial bearings any deviation from the normal position of the rotor is communicated to the electronic control system, which adjusts the electric current going to the electromagnets to correct the rotor position. 

Pressure drops have been measured in a Corning glass H EX reactor with pressure sensors located on reactive and utiHty Hnes and estimated for different fluids (water, glucose solutions) at various flow rates, from 2 to 101 h, and various temperature levels (from 20 to 50°C). The results are presented in Figure 12.6. 

Other thermal zones which should be thermostated separately from the column oven include the Injector and detector ovens. These are generally insulted metal blocks heated by cartridge heaters controlled by sensors located in a feedback loop with the power supply. Detector blocks are usually maintained at a temperature selected to minimize detector contamination from condensation of column bleed or sample components and to optimize the response of the detector to the sample. The requirements for i injectors may be different depending on the injector design and may include provision for temperature program operation. 

Figure 1. Schematic of the optical fiber system. Excitation light is launched into the fiber. Due to the refractive index differences between the fiber core and cladding materials, the light is internally reflected and travels through the fiber with minimal loss (see inset). The emitted light is carried back from the fluorescent sensor located on the tip of the fiber to a CCD camera detector. Reprinted with permission from Science, 2000, 287, 451-452. Copyright 2000 AAAS.

Identical olfactory neurons are located in different places in the cavity, and therefore occupy different positions in the flow path. By using a nasal cavity model, we investigated the influence of the dynamic flow on the sensors response14. The responses from identical fiber optic sensors located... 

Hydrogen sensor locations in fuel cell vehicle. 

Pressure loss coefficient, 13 261 Pressure measurement, 11 783 20 644-665. See also Vacuum measurement electronic sensors, 20 651-657 mechanical gauges, 20 646-651 smart pressure transmitters, 20 663-665 terms related to, 20 644-646 Pressure measurement devices. See also Pressure meters Pressure sensors location of, 20 682 types of, 20 681-682 Pressure meters, 20 651 Pressure microfiltration/ultrafiltration,... 

A new desiccant formulation was prepared from a mixture of submicron-sized silica gel and molecular sieves to achieve the best combination of large water capacity, rapid moisture adsorption and easy regenerability. The formulation also tolerates the presence of VOCs and smokes. Commercial NaX and silica gel were crushed and mixed in the proportion of 1 2 and wash coated on a monolith for testing. The same test cell shown in Fig. 12.7-2 was used. The airflow to the saturator was adjusted to obtain the desired humidity in the feed air. Humidity sensors located at the flow cell inlet and outlet, were used to... 

Fig. 4.9. Simulated relative temperature differences, S2 to S4, between the different temperature sensor locations, T2 to T4, and Ti. The simulated sensor features a polysUicon plate in the center...

Vision results from signals transmitted to the brain by about 125 million sensors located in the retina. These photoreceptors are of two types, called cones and rods. Cones work under intense light - that is, during daylight hours - and this mode of vision is called photopic vision. Rods work under dim lighting conditions, and this is called scotopic vision. 

The experiments were carried out on a semi-industrial fluidized bed reactor, illustrated in Figure 9.6, which shows four different sensor positions (A, B, C and D). Screw fittings were used to mount the sensors in order to secure optimal sensor pickup efficiency. Sensor location A is mounted onto an orifice plate on the main supply line of liquid urea to the reactor nozzles, following Esbensen et al. [5]. The sensors B, C and D are located on the wall of reactor chambers 1, 2 and 4, respectively. 

The state of the acoustic field must be determined to complete the formulation. In the present study, the instantaneous pressure oscillation is monitored by a finite number of point sensors, located at positions r j. The output signal of each sensor becomes... 

Figure 5.13 shows the correlation function for sensors that are separated by a fixed distance equal to L. The inner sensor moves throughout the field and its position is denoted by y, as shown in the sketch. The sensor location is normalized by the standard deviation of the time-averaged profiles (see Fig. 5.7). With this scaling, the profiles at the four downstream locations are coincident, which suggests that the integral length scale is the correct scaling length for the sensor separation and that the sensor location is properly scaled by the width of the time-averaged plume.

These results are obtained from the FDEMS sensor output as shown in Figure 4.16 and using the calibration plots such as shown in Figure 4.7. Wetout times at the nine sensor locations shown in Figure 4.17 are ... 

Equipmenf manufacfurers suggest sensor locations as shown in Eigure 9.11. However, since lamps vary in design and installation, these locations may in some cases be different. 

Suggested sensor location. 1, behind reflector near end of bulb 2, behind reflector looking at bulb and reflected energy 3, from end of lamp housing 4, through filter material or rod 5, looking up at bulb and reflector from below 6, directly under the lamp at substrate level. (Courtesy of EIT, Inc.)... 

The power-down test is meant to simulate how temperature and humidity uniformity are affected during a power failure. During the test, the main power to the chamber is turned off and the conditions within the chamber are recorded every minute until the temperature and/or humidity exceeds the chamber set-point tolerance limits at every sensor location. The data collected from this study are used to determine how the chamber is affected by a power failure. It is also informative to continue to record the chamber conditions once the main power is restored to determine the length of time required for the chamber to recover to its set-point conditions. 

The heart of the FFV design is a special sensor located in the fuel line between the fuel tank and the engine. This sensor instantaneously (under 50 milliseconds) determines the concentration of methanol (and/or ethanol) in the fuel. This information is fed to the engine computer which calculates appropriate spark advance and the pulse width of the fuel injector signal for correct fuel volume. Figure 1-2 illustrates the differences in Ford s 1996 Ford Taurus FFV compared to gasoline versions of their Taurus. Ford has built this FFV in models optimized for M85 and for E855. 

Cycle development parameters include temperature, airflow rate, humidity, liquid peroxide concentration, liquid peroxide delivery rate, peroxide vapor delivery temperature, and peroxide vapor half-life. Temperature distribution qualification involves the use of temperature sensors located throughout the sterilant delivery line and throughout the enclosure. Vapor distribution qualification uses... 

Blanco and Samadani37 obtained a patent for the construction of a microprosessor-based insulin pump that works in a similar fashion to the Biostator. The implantable infusion device consists of a catheter, an information-transmitting sensor located in the catheter, a microprocessor, a pump, the drug reservoir, and a power source. The pump, the sensor, and the valves are connected by appropriate leads to the microprocessor. The device is implanted in the subcutaneous tissue in the chest area, and the infusion catheter is tethered intravenously to a central location, such as the right atrium. The device is inserted with the inlet port facing outward so that it may be refilled periodically by a physician. 

Inflation of the airbag depends on a somewhat complex process. The process starts with a set of sensors located in a variety of positions in the front portion of the automobile. When these sensors detect a collision of sufficient magnitude, they send an electrical signal to the processing unit, which then signals the airbag to inflate. This whole process generally takes place in less than 50 milliseconds. 

For low values of x, noticeable temperature gradients may establish inside the reactor, with a consequent worsening of the controller performance. This effect depends on the sensor location as well. As an example, when temperature is measured in peripheral compartments, the higher temperatures established in the reactor core, i.e., in the proximity of the stirrer, are ignored. As a consequence, the average reaction rate and the rate of heat production are underestimated, so that the resulting control action is less effective in counteracting possible runaway phenomena. 

The process dynamics is complex. Typical response times vary from a few seconds up to weeks and months. Nonlinear phenomena are common due to large disturbance amplitudes. Measurement and transport time delays cannot be neglected. Sensor location is important due to spatial distributions. As living organisms are part of the system, not only parameters but the structure of the system dynamics can be changed during the operation. 

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