Particle charge detector

PCD 02 and 03 from Mutek (illustrated in [286]) (the name of this instrument, which is derived from "particle charge detector, is somewhat misleading)... 

The streaming potential also may be determined by using a so-called particle charge detector, where the measuring unit consists of a cylindrical vessel made of synthetic material like teflon. The liquid movement is induced by a piston, which is moved up and down, and in dependence on its direction the mobile charges will be shifted. Electrodes at the top and near the bottom of the cylinder detect the induced streaming potential. 

FIG. 3 pH dependence of the streaming potential of a commercial kaolin dispersion determined by means of a particle charge detector. 

FIG. 8 Recharging of an anionically prestabilized commercial kaolin dispersion by adding PEI detected by the particle charge detector. 

PE is measured using a particle charge detector (PCD-02, Miiteck). This consists of a cylindrical polytetratiuoroethylene (PTFE) bath, equipped with two silver electrodes, located at the top and bottom and linked to an amplifier. A PTFE piston mounted in the bath oscillates vertically at a constant frequency, making the liquid flow along the sides of the bath (Figure 10.6). This apparatus is connected to an automatic titrator used to add polyelectrolyte. 

Fig. 10.6. Particle charge detector measuring system (Lagune, 1994)...

The streaming potential values of particles in aqueous dispersions were determined using a Mutek PCD 02 particle charge detector. 

The density of charge of the soil components was measured by a particle charge detector constructed by Miitek, FRG. The suspension was filled into a cylindrical testing apparatus and a large fraction of the solids was adsorbed on its wall. As a function of pH and characteristics of the soil constituents these solids are charged except at... 

Hendricks (H5) and Cho (C2, Method No. 1) both measured particle charge by measuring the voltage pulse on an oscilloscope due to the passage of a charged particle through a drift tube detector. The particle mass was... 

Three types of radiation detectors are in common use the gas-ionization detector, the scintillation detector, and the solid-state (or semiconductor) detector. Generally, the type used depends on the specific application. Gas-ionization detectors are commonly used for inexpensive detection of charged particles, scintillation detectors for beta- and gamma-ray detection, and solid-state detectors for x-ray and gamma-ray detection. The operation and properties of these detectors will be briefly described. 

Surface-barrier and diffused p-n junction detectors are the best detectors available for low-energy and heavy-charged particles. Typical detector energy resolutions are in the order of 10-20 keV with 100% detector efficiency. Practical limitations in the construction of these detectors restrict the depletion depths to less than 2 mm. The cost of these detectors is low. 

Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron) This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either lOB or IIB. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. 

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