Detection of chemical warfare agents

Tomchenko, A. A. Harmer, G. P. Marquis, B. T., Detection of chemical warfare agents using nanostructured metal oxide sensors, Sens. Actuators B. 2005, 108,41 55... 

The properties of an ideal mass analyzer are well described, [2] but despite the tremendous improvements made, still no mass analyzer is perfect. To reach a deeper insight into the evolution of mass spectrometers the articles by Beynon, [3] Habfast and Aulinger, [4,5] Brunnee [6,7], Chapman et al. [8] and McLuckey [9] are recommended for further reading. In recent years, miniature mass analyzers have gained interest for in situ analysis, [10] e.g., in environmental [11] or biochemical applications, [12] for process monitoring, for detection of chemical warfare agents, for extraterrestrial applications, [13] and to improve Space Shuttle safety prior to launch. [14]... 

Due to their unique properties, a large number of groups all over the world are working in the area of CNTs for diverse applications and the most important are development and fabrication of sensors and thermal protection for atmospheric re-entry of space vehicles. Gas and glucose sensors based on CNTs have been developed. Some American researchers have recently claimed that they have developed CNT-based sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents [80]. 

T.G. Albro and J. Lippert, Use of the atomic emission detector for screening and detection of chemical warfare agents and their breakdown products, in Proceedings of the 1994 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research., D.A. Berg (Ed.), National Technical Information Service, Spring-field, 171-176, 1996. 

Zhang S-W, Swager TM. Fluorescent detection of chemical warfare agents functional group specific ratiometric chemosensors. J Am Chem Soc 2003 125 3420-1. 

Knapton D, Bumworth M, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Fluorescent organometallic sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agent mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006 45 5825-9. 

During the last several years the detection of chemical warfare agents (CWA) and their degradation products have received substantial attention in response to... 

Marianne Roller was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1958. She did her diploma in chemistry at the Technical University of Munich in 1984 and received her Ph.D. with magna cum laude under Prof. Ivar Ugi in 1989. During the following years, she specialized on instrumental analytics. Since 1995, she has been responsible for the development of GC-MS and LC-MS methods for the detection of chemical warfare agents in biomedical samples (verification) at the German Forces. Sulfur mustard, whose homologues can be used as educts in the synthesis of sulfur macrocycles, is one of her objects of interest. 

CHAPTER 53 On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents... 

Lenz, D.E., Broomfield, A.A., Cook, L.A. (1997a). The development of immunoassays for detection of chemical warfare agents. In m-CB Medical Treatment Symposium, May 26-30, 1997, Hradec Kralove, Abstracts, pp. 22-3. 

The Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM) is a funded Department of Defense program that is intended to identify, mature and develop the technology needed for specific and sensitive detection of chemical warfare agents (CWA) in source, treated, stored and distributed water supplies. According to the JSAWM criteria, a successful detection system will function in heterogeneous liquid environments, have less than a 10 minute response time with low false alarms, work in both continuous (on-line monitoring) and batch modes, be portable, small, easy to operate, and have very low power requirements. ... 

A. B. Kanua, Paul E. Haigh and Herbert H. Hill. Surface detection of chemical warfare agent simulants and degradation products H a/. Chim. Acta., 553,148-159 (2005). 

Figure 16.7 Ion mobility spectrometer. The ions are admitted into the analyser tube hy controlling the polarity of the entry grid. Below, an example of a recording obtained from gaseous compounds. Armies in many countries use this technique for the detection of chemical warfare agents.

Rapid detection of chemical warfare agents is essential. One method that has been investigated makes use of the release of HF from the hydrolysis of the fluorophosphonate agent. The reaction is catalysed by a Cu(II) complex containing the Me2NCH2CH2NMc2 ligand ... 

Pushkarsky M. B., Webber M. E., Macdonald T., Kumar C., and Patel N., High-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection of chemical warfare agents, Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 331-336, 2006. 

The enhancement leads to the ability to detect extremely small amounts of material, making SERS an effective tool for a variety of problems, from corrosion smdies to detection of chemical warfare agents. Detection limits for SERS are in the nanogram range. 

S19, V9, Wll), fluorimetric (e.g., S4, K45), radiometric (e.g., 12), calorimetric (K29), polarographic (F4), enzymatic (Al, 12), and others such as near-infrared spectroscopy (D20). These methods are also suitable for the detection of cholinesterase inhibitors using biosensors (B35, C9, D12) or immunochemical assay for detection of chemical warfare agents (L7). 

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