Chemical warfare agents detection

MOCVD as, 22 153-154 in silicon carbide fiber manufacture, 22 534 thermally activated, 24 744-745 Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), 26 767 ceramics and, 5 664 Chemical warfare, 5 813-840 defense against, 5 830-837 Chemical warfare agents, detection of, 22 716-717... 

FIGURE 53.6. Performance of on-site chemical warfare agent detection equipment. 

Keywords, microwave spectroscopy chemical warfare agent detection spectral sensing molecular fingerprint. 

The enhancement leads to the ability to detect extremely small amounts of material, making SERS an effective tool for a variety of problems, from corrosion smdies to detection of chemical warfare agents. Detection limits for SERS are in the nanogram range. 

Persian Gulf and similar equipment has been used to Nations in peacekeeping or intervention roles where support the United Nations Special Commission the threat of chemical weapons use exists. Table 3 during the destruction of Iraqi chemical weapons, lists examples of chemical detection equipment by Equipment of this type has been used by the OPCW country and indicates the principle of detection and and could potentially be utilized again by the United capabilities of each system. Table 3 Selected military chemical warfare agent detection devices ... 

Black, R.M. (2010) History and perspectives of bioana-lytical methods for chemical warfare agent detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 878,1207-1215. 

CWTC Item 1407, Standardization of Chemical Warfare Agent Detection and Sampling Kits,... 

Although the primary applications of stand alone IMS are for drug, explosives, and chemical warfare agent detection, the utility of IMS for the separation of multiply charged protein ions by electrospray ionization (ESI)-IMS was demonstrated in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. A particularly important milestone in the development of IMS for... 

Applications GC-IMS is applied only in a few laboratories. Most applications have been directed toward environmental analyses. GC-IMS is used in niche areas, such as high-speed air-quality monitoring (on board space stations) and detecting chemical warfare agents. Snyder et al. [319] have described a hyphenated field-portable hand-held GC-IMS device, which was applied to the separation of phosphate (TMP, TEP)/phosphonate (DMMP, DEMP, DIMP, DEEP) mixtures. A mixture of four phosphonate analytes can be successfully resolved with a small GC-IMS device in under 8 s. 

Brinkley et al. demonstrated89 a simple to use, easy to interpret, low cost, and environmentally friendly colorimetric detector of the chemical warfare agent - mustard gas (HD, l,l-thiobis(2-chloroethane)). An optically transparent xerogel encapsulating Cu(II) acetate was fabricated to detect HD analogues and can serve as the optical sensor based on metal-ligand charge-transfer mechanism. 

The detector model is capable of simulating both vapour and liquid detection systems. So far, about a dozen different detector systems are available. The detector model input signal (see 2.1) consists of i) a time concentration profile, ii) the identity of the chemical warfare agent (HD, GB, VX or L) and iii) the relative air humidity (RH < 80% or RH > 80%). 

ACN and DCM are also known to be chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. ACN is a known simulant for blood CWAs, while DCM is a simulant for choking CWAs49 50. For determinations of ACN and DCM as CWA simulants, the detection limits need to be improved51. Such improvements may be possible by the application of more stable light source and detector to reduce noise in the measured signal. 

Tomchenko, A. A. Harmer, G. P. Marquis, B. T., Detection of chemical warfare agents using nanostructured metal oxide sensors, Sens. Actuators B. 2005, 108,41 55... 

APD 2000 A portable, hand-held chemical detection and monitoring device that detects chemical warfare agents, recognizes pepper spray and Mace, and identifies hazardous compounds. 

SABRE 2000 The portable SABRE 2000, using a scanning system based on IMS (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) can detect drugs, explosives, and chemical warfare agents. More than forty substances can be simultaneously detected and identified in seconds. 

Lightweight Chemical Detector (LCD-S) The LCD-S acts as a local warning alarm system for individuals and small groups of persons within the domestic or military market. It simultaneously detects, identifies, and differentiates between type of chemical warfare agent at below attack concentration, and warns users when to don personal protective equipment. 

Ionscan CENTURIAN Detection System This system provides fixed site continuous ambient air monitoring for chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. 

M272 Water Testing Kit A lightweight portable kit used to detect and identify dangerous levels of common chemical warfare agents in raw and treated water in about seven minutes. It is a test water sampler and is not a continuous monitor. Each kit includes twenty-five tests for each agent. 

A wide variety of commercial equipment is available for detection of hazardous chemicals, including a number of chemical warfare agents. For example, ion mobility spectroscopy is used to detect nerve, blister, and blood agents. The Chemical Agent Monitor is a portable, hand-held point detection instrument that uses ion mobility spectrometry to monitor nerve or blister agent vapors. However, minimum detection limits are approximately 100 times the acceptable exposure limit for nerve agents, and approximately 50 times the acceptable exposure limit for blister agents. 

The properties of an ideal mass analyzer are well described, [2] but despite the tremendous improvements made, still no mass analyzer is perfect. To reach a deeper insight into the evolution of mass spectrometers the articles by Beynon, [3] Habfast and Aulinger, [4,5] Brunnee [6,7], Chapman et al. [8] and McLuckey [9] are recommended for further reading. In recent years, miniature mass analyzers have gained interest for in situ analysis, [10] e.g., in environmental [11] or biochemical applications, [12] for process monitoring, for detection of chemical warfare agents, for extraterrestrial applications, [13] and to improve Space Shuttle safety prior to launch. [14]... 

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