Detection canine

King, D.P. et al., The use of monoclonal antibodies specific for seal immunoglobulins in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect canine distemper virus-specific immunoglobulin in seal plasma samples, J. Immuno. Methods, 160, 163, 1993. 

ATP, Odor Recognition Proficiency Standard for Explosive Detection Canines, 2005. 

Nolan, R. V. and D. L. Gravitte. Mine Detecting Canines. Report 2217, U.S. Army Mobility Research and Development Command, Ft Belvoir, VA 1977. 

The common VOCs observed in the SPME-GC headspace analysis of the explosive samples were presented individually, and combined, to previously trained and certified explosive detection canines that previously had only encountered actual explosives in training and certification. Chemicals that illicit a response from certified explosive detection canines can be considered explosive odorants, whereas chemicals to which canines do not alert may be considered as inactive VOCs. It should be noted that an inactive VOC might still have the potential to enhance the response by a canine to known odorants. In addition, inactive VOCs for the canines tested might be odorants to other canines trained in different ways and with different target materials. Finally, inactive VOCs might be useful target vapor chemicals for instrumental detectors. 

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) responded on 30 December 2009 with a communique to its points of contacts in member States to the effect inter alia that ICAO Member States were encouraged to conduct a risk assessment, taking into consideration all the relevant factors, and implement appropriate screening measures. Where additional screening measures are considered necessary, these may include the application of explosives trace detection technology, physical searches and randomly-deployed explosives detection canine teams, among others. 

The best studied of the endocarmabinoids are anandamide (A -arachidonyl-ethanolamine, AEA)(1) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)(2). Anandamide was first identified from porcine brain extracts by Devane and co-workers in 1992 [13], while 2-AG was first reported in 1995 to have been isolated from canine gut [14] and rat brain [15]. More recently, noladin ether (2-arachidonyl-glyceryl ether, 2-AGE)(3) [16], virodhamine (D-arachidonyl-ethanolamine)(4) [17] and A-arachidonyl-dopamine (NADA)(5) [18] were proposed as endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. In a subsequent publication, the authors failed to detect noladin ether in mammalian brains and questioned the relevance of this compound as an endocarmabinoid [19]. Anandamide, noladin ether and NADA have functional selectivity for CBi receptors, virodhamine is CB2 selective and 2-AG is essentially non-selective. 

Volatile solvents such as toluene, acetone, benzene, and various amyl- and butyl-alcohols are often present in trace amounts as a consequence of solvent washes during the synthesis of the illegal drugs. The sensitivity of canines to these solvents is often the means by which narcotics are detected. 

Canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope fused to GUS Arabidopsis leaf Specific antibodies detected and immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally. 61... 

Miyazaki, H., Kitayama, T., Sekiya, K., Haruna, M., Mino, T., Suganami, H., Watanabe, H., and Yamamoto, K., Individual QT-RR correction and sensitivity to detect drug-induced changes in QT interval for canine telemetry assay, /. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 49, 224, 2004. 

Probably the oldest need for trace detection was for the detection of poisons. Food tasters fulfilled that role, as did canaries when used by miners to warn of poisonous atmospheres underground. In more recent times, society has required the detection of other chemicals. Often a trained dog meets that need. Canine olfaction wiU be discussed in Chapter 3. 

Plastic explosives contain one or more of the explosives listed above, moulded in an inert, flexible binder. Because powders do not readily hold a shape and TNT is the only common melt-castable explosive, most of the explosive powders (RDX, HMX, PETN, 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)) are plasticized to make a mouldable material, for example, C-4, Semtex H, PE4, sheet explosive. A variety of plasticizers are added, but the maximum level is usually 10-15% because most plasticizers are inert and would degrade explosive output. Plastic explosives were originally developed for convenient use in military demolitions but have since been widely used in terrorist bombs. For detection techniques that rely on vapour signatures, such as canine olfaction, it is worth considering that the plasticizer is much more volatile than the explosive component. 

TATP has such a high vapour pressure that it can probably be directly detected, whereas RDX has such a low vapour pressure that dogs alert on the bouquet of solvents used in its manufacture. Nitrate esters readily decompose to eliminate nitrogen dioxide (NO2). This can be a clue for canines and certainly is for chemiluminescence. 

Increased vigilance regarding security to protect against terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction, including especially explosive devices, as well as an increased interest in the comparison to the explosive detection capabilities of instrumental technologies, has led to increased scrutiny of canine explosive detection capabilities. 

Despite recent increased interest in canine olfactory and applied EDD research, we stiU lack a complete and robust scientific model of the way dogs actually detect substances however, considerable progress has been made [5]. In particular, it has proved helpful to apply similar concepts to the detection dog and handler system as would be apphed to an instrumental detection system. For example ... 

One theory advanced about the canine detection of explosive is that the dog actually identifies the specific explosive molecule. This line of reasoning concludes that training on a pure sample of a single explosive compound should enable a dog to detect any target containing that explosive, regardless of the presence of other materials in the vapor headspace. This does not appear to be the case. 

Canines are a proven operational tool for substance detection, but as a practice, canine detection remains more of a craft than a technology. The quasi-technological state of detector dog technology fosters variabiHty in detection capability and reliabiHty, resulting in varying degrees of skepticism. Nevertheless, canine detection is used as the basehne capability to which instmmental devices are compared. Furthermore, despite aU the unknowns and uncertainties, there are stiU many situations where detection dogs remain the best or, indeed, the only available option. 

J.M. Johnston, L.P. Waggoner, M. Williams, J.M. Jackson, M.L. Jones and L.J. Myers, Canine olfactory capability for detecting NG smokeless powder . In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Analysis and Detection of Explosives, Washington, D.C., December 4—8 1995. Editor C. Midkiff, Treasury Dept, BATF, Washington, DC, October 1997. 

M. Williams, J.M. Johnston, P. Waggoner, J. Jackson, M. Jones, T. Boussom and S.F. HaUoweU, Determination of the canine detection odor signature for NG smokeless powder , Proceedings of the Second Explosives Detection Technology Symposium and Aviation Security Technology Conference, Atlantic City, N.J. Federal Aviation Administration, 1997. 

L. P. Waggoner. Canine Olfactory Sensitivity and Detection Odor Signatures for Mines/UXO, Testing Support for Tuft s Medical School E-Nose, and Fate Effects Team Participation , Final Report for MDA972-97-1-0026, Defense Advance Research Projects Agency, 2002. 

R.J. Harper, J.R. AhniraU and K.G. Furton, Identification of dominant odor chemicals emanating from explosives for use in developing optimal training aid combinations and mimics for canine detection , Talanta 67 (2005) 313—327. 

J.M. Johnston, Canine Detection CapabUities Operational Imphcations of Recent R D Findings. Institute for Biological Detection Systems, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 1999. 

KJ. Gamer, K.E. MuUins and L.P. Waggoner, Canine Generahzation Across Variants and Quantities of Explosives, Contamination of Training Aids and Chemical Agent Detection ,... 

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