Explosive samples

Gas samples are taken by equipment that draws the gas stream into empty vials or through tubes containing some absorbent that concentrates the sample. Many systems analyse the sample in situ using colour indicators, gas chromatographs, or solid state analysers. Other gas samples are transported in sealed containers for analysis, but they are rarely under pressure. 

A gas identification set includes containers of small quantities of various gases of known concentration that are used as standards against which to calibrate analytical equipment. Permeation devices contain small containers of compressed or liquefied gases that, on opening, pass through a gas permeable membrane at a known rate and constant temperature. They are also used for calibration. 

see Terminology, Solid, p.247 Toxic, see Toxic Substances and Division 6.1, p.255 ov Ammunition, Toxic, p.l9 

see Terminology, Gas, p.239 Liquid, see Terminology, Liquid, p.241 Refrigerated liquid, see Gases and Class 2, p.104 

Chemical Kit or First Aid Kit The entry Chemical Kit or First Aid Kit is intended to apply to boxes, cases, etc. containing small quantities of various dangerous goods which are used for medical, analytical or testing purposes. [Text continues.] IMO 9026-1 

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Explosives Sampling, Inspection and Testing, U.S. Mihtary Standard Specification 650, ARDEC, Dover, N.J., May 1973. 

Figure 4.9. Shock pressure versus particle velocity for engineering materials, geological material, and explosive detonation products. Intersection of detonation product curves with nonreactive media predicts shock pressure and particle velocity at an explosive sample interface. (After Jones (1972).)...

Figure 26 Spectra from four explosive samples and four non-threat materials. The differing structures of these spectra form the basis for identifying the target material. Incoherent scattering contributes to the background continuum and produces two peaks associated with the X-ray fluorescence off the tungsten anode. This is seen most clearly in the spectra with water or motor oil as targets.

Figure 26 shows the spectra from four explosive samples and as well as nonthreat materials. These spectra exhibit strong peaks slightly below 59 and 69 keV, which are unrelated to coherent scatter. These peaks arise from incoherent (Compton) scatter of fluorescent radiation at 59 and 69keV, which is produced from tungsten anodes. Scatter off water shows no apparent CXRS peaks. The four explosive samples clearly show characteristics peaks, which differentiate them from the non-threat materials and from each other. HeuristicaUy, the location and relative amplitudes of these peaks provide an effective means for detecting explosives. 

D. Warren, R.W. Hdey, S.A. Phillips and K. Ritchie, Novel technique for the combined recovery, extraction and clean-up of forensic organic and inorganic trace explosives samples , Sci. Justice, 39 (1999) 11-18. 

Many analytical and other chemical procedures can be hazardous if handled carelessly, and explosive samples can cause potentially dangerous accidents in many methods of elemental chemical analysis)... 

Military Standard, "Explosive Sampling, Inspection and Testing", MIL-STD-650... 

Military Standard. "Explosive Sampling, Inspection and Testing , MIL-STD-650 (1962), (Group 200 - Physical Test Methods Group 500 - Stability, Sensitivity and Surveillance Tests)... 

CAUTION Keep soln well agitated at all times. When soln begins distilling, position flask so that an air space is between the flask and hot palte. This is to prevent a hot spot from building up in the chunk explosive. Sample should not be left unattended during the moisture detn. Care must be taken that the cold water condenser is operating properly at all times. If the condenser should fail to trap the toluene and the flash were to boil dry, there could be a possibility of overheating the expl... 

Fifty grams of a previously dried explosive sample is placed in a closed container above 21° Be" sulfuric acid. The % moisture pick-up of the explosive is determined daily and plotted on a chart (Ref 9)... 

Explosive Heating at Ignition Explosive sample at Remarks... 

With volatile explosives which melt before exploding, the required explosive sample weights are appreciably higher (20 to lOOmg) than with non-volatile explosives (0.4 to lOmg)... 

Even the concept of impact sensitivity as a specific property of an explosive is questioned in a recent publication (Ref 17), at least for the response of confined explosive samples to impact... 

Procedural differences among laboratories consist mainly in different methods of confining the explosive sample subjected to impact. 

A rather different view of impact initiation to that of Bowden et al, is presented by the Russian school. The originator of this school appears to be Kholevo (Ref 6), supported by Andreev (Ref 7), with a recent and detailed presentation of this point of view provided by Afanas ev Bobolev (Ref 17) (from now on we will refer to these writers as A B without listing the Ref)- Briefly stated, A B consider that the prime mechanism of hot spot generation in solid explosives is by inelastic deformation of the entire impacted explosive sample (Kholevo (Ref 6) calls this flow )... 

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