Odor recognition

Petrulis A. and Johnston R. (1999). Lesions centered on the medial amygdala impair scent-marking and sex-odor recognition, but spare discrimination of individual odors in female golden hamsters. Behav Neurosci 113, 345-357. 

Odorant recognition initiates a second-messenger cascade leading to the depolarization of the neuron and the generation of action potentials 821 Negative-feedback processes mediate adaptation of the olfactory transduction apparatus to prolonged or repetitive stimulation 823 Alternative second-messenger pathways maybe at work in olfactory transduction 823... 

Buck, L. and Axel, R, A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65 175-187,1991. 

One method of controlling response perseveration and other anticipation factors is to use a forced choice response indication based on two or more response categories. In the measurement of odors the panelist has to report the temporal position of positive stimuli in a series of random blanks. If the concentration is below the threshold, the test subjects will guess. As the odorant concentration will increase, the relative cumulative frequency for identification of the correct sample will be greater. In order to determine the relative odor recognition a correction must be made. 

ATP, Odor Recognition Proficiency Standard for Explosive Detection Canines, 2005. 

The nature-nurture problem revisited in most vertebrates, early experience of certain odors, interwoven with genetically anchored developmental processes, produces lasting, often irreversible odor recognition, preferences, or avoidance. Such behavioral development often occurs during more or less defined critical windows in time. The development of responses to odors often precedes that of odor production. Neonates already orient towards odors, while many pheromones are not produced until adulthood. Even before hatching or birth, the journey of chemical communication starts in the egg or the uterus. Knowing how chemical communication and chemosensoiy responses to food or danger develop is essential in areas such as animal husbandry or human behavior. 

Adults continue to associate new odors with pleasant and unpleasant situations in social and sex life, work and recreation, and concerning food and drink. The human patterns of odor recognition and preferences do not merely involve the olfactory nerve and its central projections. Learned associations are formed and stored in memoiy. To retrieve odor information, we need affective and cognitive components, as well as verbal descriptors. Without the latter, an odor appears familiar but cannot be labeled, the tip-of-the-nose-phenomenon (Lawless and Engen, 1977). 

Bonadonna, F. and Nevitt, G. A. (2004). Partner-specific odor recognition in an Antarctic seabird. Science 306,835. 

It is apparent that multiple recognition mechanisms are active in taste and odor recognition. There is now emerging evidence of multiple receptors and transduction mechanisms. The complex olfactory component of a flavor requires a mechanism with multiple receptors and several transduction pathways to be sufficiently sensitive ai discriminating to distinguish among closely relat materials. 

Odor Recognition—Degree of smell associated with fuel vapor. 

Olfactory perception translates abstract chemical features of odorants into meaningful neural information to elicit appropriate behavioral responses (Shepherd, 1994 Buck, 1996). Specialized bipolar olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are responsible for the initial events in odor recognition. These have ciliated dendrites exposed to the environment, and a single axon that extends into the brain and forms synapses with second order projection neurons (PNs) (Shepherd, 1994 Buck, 1996). In arthropods and mammals, the first olfactory synapse is organized into glomeruli, spherical structures in which afferent olfactory neuron axons synapse with projection neuron dendrites (Hildebrand and Shepherd, 1997). 

Veyrac, A., Nguyen, V., Marien, M., Didier, A. Jourdan, F. (2007). Noradrenergic control of odor recognition in a nonassociative olfactory learning task in the mouse. Learn. Mem., 14, 847-854. 

Errard, C. (1986). Role of early experience in mixed-colony odor recognition in the ants Manica rubida and Formica selysi. Ethology, 72, 243-249. 

Obsession, 103,105, 123,125-126,139, 270 Odor effects diagram, 151 Odor intensity, related to concentration, 247-249 Odor strength, inherent, 163. 166 Odor value, 163,166, 249-259 Odor volume, 152. 153. 162 Olfaction anatomy, 76 evolution, 75 and odor recognition, 25 Olfactometer, 244 Olfactory sensitivity, see Sensitivity... 

M. A. Bianchet, G. Bains, P. Pelosi, J. Pevsner, S. H. Snyder, H. L. Monaco, and L. M. Amzel. The three-dimensional structure of bovine odorant binding protein and its mechanism of odor recognition [see comments]. Nature Struct Biol, 3 (11), 934-939, 1996. 

Hall SE, Floriano WB, Floriano WB, Vaidehi N, Goddard WA 111. Predicted 3-D structures for mouse 17 and rat 17 olfactory receptors and comparison of predicted odor recognition profiles with experiment. Chem. Senses 2004 29 595-616. 

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