Elements of Lining Design

The calculation of the location of the freezing point in the lining is a part of the thermal balance calculation (which is a very complicated problem) and the calculation of the heat flow through the multi-layer lining (side wall or bottom). The heat flow in different parts of the furnace will differ (heat transfer from the area above the metal and from the area with metal) [34]. 

The total heat flow (flux) resistance of the multi-layer lining, 

Approximately 20-30 years ago, in the mid-1980s and 1990s, it was possible to see a two-layer liming of melting and holding furnaces with a total thickness up to 1,000 mm in the bottom (mullite or fireclay brick plus diatomaceous brick or vermiculite slab), as seen in Fig. 3.10a. The paradox is that having additional heat insulation layers - whose purpose was to decrease the heat flow through the 

In case the heat insulation layer is made from high-porosity materials, it is necessary to provide the insulation of these materials from water in the concretes (castables) by polymer film or any other variant. 

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