Detail design

When an oil or gas field has just been discovered, the quality of the information available about the well stream may be sparse, and the amount of detail put into the process design should reflect this. However, early models of the process along with broad cost estimates are needed to progress, and both design detail and cost ranges narrow as projects develop through the feasibility study and field development planning phases (see Section 12.0 for a description of project phases). 

Definition and Preliminary Design Detailed Design Procurement Construction Commissioning Review... 

Material strength is but one factor ia determining maximum load that can be carried by a beating material. Load capacity is equally related to design details, lubrication, and general appHcation experience. 

Recirculation of non-boiling liquids can be achieved by bubbling inert gas through the liquid in the reactor jacket. This is less practical for fluids with significant vapor pressure, because the jacket still must be under pressure, and a large condenser must be installed to condense the liquid from the vapor-saturated gas at the jacket temperature. It is more useful with molten metals and salts. For the design details of the reactor tube s inside, the same considerations apply as for a thermosiphon-controlled reactor. 

When considering assembly processes, many problems are due to relatively minor design details. It must be remembered that a product is often an assembly of sheet... 

Figure 2.26 shows the design details of a braeket, ealled a eover support leg. A eritieal eharaeteristie is the distanee from the hole eentre to the opposite edge, dimension T ... 

Design. Detailed adhesively bonded joint design and analysis methods are discussed elsewhere in this volume. General issues associated with bonded assembly design will be considered here. 

Flare systems are subject to potential flashback and internal explosion since flammable vapor/air mixtures may be formed in the stack or inlet piping by the entry of air, and the pilot constitutes a continuous ignition source. Flares are therefore always provided with flashback protection, which prevents a flame front from travelling back to the upstream piping and equipment. Design details are described later. 

An important design detail is that the inlet line should be sloped at least 30" from the horizontal and the diameters of the vertical and sloped legs of the Y-seal are sized such that a 3 m slug of water is pressured back up the sloping inlet line, without spilling over into the header, in the event of flashback. Note that this requires an enlarged diameter section in the vertical leg of the Y-seal. The seal is maintained by a continuous flow of water at 1.26 dm /s and the water makeup is provided with steam injection, if required for winterizing or cold releases. 

Process Detailed Design Detailed specification based on concept design Minimize number of possible leak paths Make plant friendly to control, operate, and maintain Avoid or simplify hazardous activities such as sampling, loading and unloading Process conceptual design and codes/standards and procedures Experience on past projects/designs... 

Containment design details - basic structure, major contents (beat structures), internal safety systems performance data, special features, reactor cavity/sump details, layout elevations and floor plans, fnateriais specifications, design limits, etc. 

Design details (if not already included in drawings). For exampie,... 

The following descriptions are meant to briefly describe the various generic valve types. Within each type there are numerous different design details that separate one valve manufacturer s valves from the ne of these speciuc models have good points and bad points all can h correctly and incorrectly. It is beyond the scope of this book to c each valve manufacturer s design. However, the various valve sal will be more than pleased to contrast the benefits of their valve s ft with that of the competition. The reader is cautioned that hight valves do not necessarily mean better valves, and that expensive can result in a significant waste of money when a less expensive but adequate valve will perform satisfactorily. 

Even though the electrical design details of a system may be well specified, the system will not endure or continue to provide safety to personnel unless proper materials are selected and certain installation proce-... 

For final design details and selecUon of mixer elements, refer directly to the manufacturers, as each design is different and may not perform like a competitor s. 

Types of Positive Pressure Relieving Devices (see manufacturers catalogs for design details)... 

Pressure relief must be adequate to prevent internal pressures from rising over 10% above the maximum allowable working pressure, except when the excess pressure is developed by external fire or other unforseen heat source. See design details in later paragraph. Papa [85] proposes an improved technique for relief sizing. Also see Figures 7-7A and 7-7B. 

Due to the importance of complying tvith all standards and regulations, and the necessary reduction in detail in such a summary as presented here, it is recommended that the ASME, API and NFPA standards and codes be consulted for final design detail and installation conformity. 

For good and uniform performance of any structured packing it is essential to have imiform, consistent vapor and liquid distribution therefore, much care must be given to the design details. See earlier discussion in this chapter. 

For applications and design details refer to the manufacturer concerning these types of packings. 

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